NRLF 


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CH1TECTURE 


REEF  POINT  GARDENS 
LIBRARY 


The  Gift  of  Beatrix  Farrand 

to  the  General  Library 
University  of  California  .Berkeley 


Mimulus  Lewisii  Pursh.     (%  Nat.) 
Red    Monkey-Flower. 


Alpine  Flora 

of  the 
Canadian     Rocky    Mountains 


By 

Stewardson  )Brown 

Curator    of  Herbarium    Academy    of  Natural    Sciences 
Philadelphia 


Illustrated  with  Water-Colour  Drawings  and  Photographs 
By 

Mrs.  Charles  Schaffer 


G.  P.  Putnam's  Sons 

New  York  and  London 
ftnicfcerbocfeer    press 
1907 


COPYRIGHT,  1907 

BY 
G.  P.  PUTNAM'S  SONS 


idd'l 

LANDSCAPE 
ARCHITECTURE 

Parrarfd  'GI?f 


QK.20I 


OFFERED  TO  THE  LOVERS  OF  ALPINE 
FLOR/E  IN  THE  MEMORY  OF  DR.  CHARLES 
SCHAFFER  OF  PHILADELPHIA,  WHO  WAS 
AMONG  THE  PIONEER  BOTANISTS  OF  THE 
CANADIAN  ROCKIES,  AND  WHO  EARLY 
RECOGNISED  THIS  REGION  AS  A  NEW 
AND  INTERESTING  FIELD  FOR  STUDY 


290 


PREFACE 

THE  present  volume,  though  prepared  in 
manual  form,  is  meant  only  as  a  guide  to 
the  rich  and  interesting  flora  of  the  Canadian 
Rockies  and  Selkirks  or  those  portions 
traversed  by  the  Canadian  Pacific  Railway 
between  Banff  and  Glacier.  While  many  of 
the  plants  herein  described  are  found  through- 
out the  entire  region,  yet  the  species  charac- 
teristic of  the  two  mountain  ranges  are  vastly 
different.  For  the  most  part  those  of  the  Rock- 
ies might  be  characterised  as  plants  adapted  to 
the  withstanding  of  severe  conditions  of 
drouth  and  cold,  being  mostly  low  and  tufted, 
with  small  surfaces  of  leaf  exposure,  either 
thick  and  leathery  or  in  many  instances 
with  an  ample  covering  of  protecting  hairs ; 
while  those  of  the  Selkirks,  owing  to  the  more 
humid  atmospheric  conditions,  are  essen- 


VI 


Preface 


tially  moisture-loving  forms,  with  a  luxuriant 
growth  of  stems  and  leaves;  it  is  only  where 
the  conditions  are  similar  in  the  two  regions 
that  we  find  the  same  or  similar  forms 
existing.  Few  of  the  more  characteristic 
Rocky  Mountain  species  extend  west  of  the 
divide,  while  of  those  of  the  Selkirks,  few 
extend  east  of  it,  except  where  there  is  a 
luxuriant  forest  growth,  with  the  consequent 
retention  of  moisture,  and  then  only  at  alti- 
tudes of  from  2000  to  3000  feet  greater. 

Contrasting  the  plants  of  this  region  with 
those  of  the  European  Alps  it  is  interesting 
to  note,  that  while  the  species  are  for  the 
most  part  vastly  different,  yet  there  is  a 
certain  close  resemblance  in  the  families 
and  genera  which  are  represented;  the 
Anemones  are  here,  but  not  in  the  scarlets 
and  crimsons,  running  more  to  whites  and 
purples,  and  so  are  the  Buttercups,  dwarf 
many  of  them,  but  with  large,  showy  flowers ; 
the  Saxifrages  and  Drabas  are  innumerable 
as  are  the  Vetches  and  also  the  Heaths,  but 


Preface  vii 

the  latter  with  fewer  and  very  different 
species.  Some  plants,  however,  like  the  White 
Mountain  Avens  (Dryas  octopetala),  the 
Butterwort  (Pinguicula  vulgaris),  the  Moss 
Campion  (Silene  acaulis),  the  Mountain 
Cranberry  (Vitis-id&a)  and  the  Low  Gran- 
berry  (Oxycoccus) ,  the  One-flowered  Winter- 
green  (M oneses  uniflora) ,  the  Forget-me-not 
(Myosotis  alpestris)  and  others  are  found 
on  both  sides  of  the  Atlantic,  yet  we  have 
no  such  array  of  Primroses  or  Gentians  as 
our  European  brothers,  though  both  genera 
are  represented  with  us,  while  on  the  other 
hand  they  can  boast  of  nothing  comparable 
to  our  Indian  Paint  Brush,  found  throughout 
the  region  on  the  river-shores  and  bars  during 
late  June  and  early  July  and  later  through 
the  summer  in  its  innumerable  forms  and 
colours  in  the  moist  alpine  meadows  and 
slopes. 

The  ferns  and  their  allies  with  the  more 
striking  of  the  trees  and  shrubs  have  been  in- 
cluded in  the  present  work,  together  with  the 


viii  Preface 

majority  of  the  herbaceous  flowering  plants, 
though  some  of  the  largely  represented  but  less 
striking  groups  such  as  the  Grasses,  Sedges, 
and  Willows  have  been  entirely  omitted, 
not  seeming  of  sufficient  general  interest  to 
warrant  the  space  required  for  their  intelli- 
gent treatment.  The  species  are -arranged  in 
accordance  with  their  scientific  relationships, 
with  keys  to  the  genera  and  a  general  key 
to  the  families.  Among  the  illustrations 
herein  contained,  many  of  the  plants  of 
the  Northwest  are  figured  for  the  first  time. 
Acknowledgment  is  here  made  to  Messrs. 
David  McNicoll,  Robert  Kerr,  and  other 
officials  and  employees  of  the  Canadian 
Pacific  Railway  Company  through  whose 
courtesy  was  made  possible  the  gathering  of 
the  data  for  the  basis  of  this  work. 


S.  B. 


ACADEMY  OP   NATURAL   SCIENCES, 

PHILADELPHIA,   October  28,  1907. 


CONTENTS 

PAGE 

PREFACE        .          .          .         '.          .        '.         v 

GLOSSARY xxv 

GENERAL  KEY  TO  THE  FAMILIES       .  xxxiii 

ADDER'S-TONGUE  FAMILY  .  .  '  ."  i 
FERN  FAMILY  .  .  .  .  .3 
HORSETAIL  FAMILY  ....  14 
CLUB-MOSS  FAMILY  .  .  V"  .  .  18 
SELAGINELLA  FAMILY  .  .  .  .  22 
PINE  FAMILY  .  .  .  .  -23 
YEW  FAMILY  ....  V"r  34 

ARUM  FAMILY 35 

BUNCH-FLOWER  FAMILY  .  .  .  36 
LILY  FAMILY  .  .  .  41 

LILY-OF-THE-VALLEY  FAMILY  .          .       45 

IRIS  FAMILY  .          .          .         V1       .       52 

ORCHID  FAMILY     -.-         .        ' ;; ;/    '.        :v      53 


Contents 


PAGE 


WILLOW  FAMILY              .          .  .  .-68 

BIRCH  FAMILY 70 

MISTLETOE  FAMILY          .          .  .  72 

SANDALWOOD  FAMILY      ..         .  *  .        73 

BUCKWHEAT  FAMILY       i        S''  .  .       75 

PURSLANE  FAMILY.          ,         .  .  .80 

PINK  FAMILY          .          .         .  .  ..       81 

CROWFOOT  FAMILY          .         ."  .  .  .       90 

BARBERRY  FAMILY          .        i*  .•.;  ,-•«     I09 

POPPY  FAMILY       *         .         .  .  ,  no 

MUSTARD  FAMILY  .          .        ,.   ;  *,,.  ,  >     m 

STONE-CROP  FAMILY       »         f  ,,  ?_    125 

GRASS-OF-PARNASSUS  FAMILY  .  .126 

SAXIFRAGE  FAMILY         .  ,;     128 

GOOSEBERRY  FAMILY      .        -.  ,  *     146 

ROSE  FAMILY         .          .          .  .  .15° 

APPLE  FAMILY       .          .;;       .  .  .     165 

PLUM  FAMILY         .         .          .  , ..,1  |^    167 

PEA  FAMILY            ....  .,    168 

FLAX  FAMILY         ....  :  *     182 

CROWBERRY  FAMILY      ;.         /  I  ,«{    183 

STAFF-TREE  FAMILY       .         .  .  *     184 


Contents  xi 

PAGE 

MAPLE  FAMILY      „•         .          .;        ,;       .  ^5 

ST.  JOHN'S-WORT  FAMILY        ..>      ;..        .  186 

VIOLET  FAMILY      .          .          .      &yfjt!      .  187 

OLEASTER  FAMILY.          ....  191 

EVENING  PRIMROSE  FAMILY    .          .          -  193 

GINSENG  FAMILY   .          .          .          .          .  199 

CELERY  FAMILY      .....  201 

DOGWOOD  FAMILY            .          .          .          .  205 

WlNTERGREEN  FAMILY  ....  207 
HEATH  FAMILY       .          .          .          .          .211 

HUCKLEBERRY  FAMILY   ....  220 

PRIMROSE  FAMILY            ....  226 
GENTIAN  FAMILY   .          .          .          .          .231 

BUCKBEAN  FAMILY          ....  236 

DOGBANE  FAMILY            ....  237 

WATER-LEAF  FAMILY     ....  238 

BORAGE  FAMILY     ....  240 

MINT  FAMILY         .....  244 

FIGWORT  FAMILY  .....  248 

BUTTERWORT  FAMILY     ....  262 

MADDER  FAMILY    .....  263 

HONEYSUCKLE  FAMILY   ....  264 


xii  Contents 


PAGE 


VALERIAN  FAMILY  .      .  >/       •  :-v  27X 

BELLFLOWER  FAMILY  ;•'   "•* .'   I  &$$^  ;:Vr  273 

CHICORY  FAMILY    .  i         .      — iy  ^  •'  275 

THISTLE  FAMILY    ^;  *,             :-u  ;  -^  283 

INDEX            w        •  *         •         *  ' 


ILLUSTRATIONS 

LATB  FACING  PAGE 

Mimulus    Lewisii    Pursh.     Red  Mon- 
key-Flower    .          .         Frontispiece 

i     Firms  albicaulis  Engelm.     White  Pine       24 

1  Pinus   Murrayana  Oreg.   Com.     Jack 

Pine  .          .          .          .          ,  „ .  . :,.       24 

2  Larix  Lyallii  Parl.     LyalVs  Larch       ..       26 

2  Thuja  plicata  Don.     Giant  Cedar        ,.       26 

3  Abies  lasiocarpa  (Hook)   Nutt.     Bal- 

sam Fir       .          .        ...          .          *       28 

3  Pseudotsuga  mucronata  (Raf.)  Sudw. 

Douglas  Spruce    ..        ...       .        •>       28 

4  Tsuga      Mertensiana     (Bong.)     Carr. 

Mountain  Hemlock        .          .         :.       30 

4  Tsuga      heterophylla      (Raf.)      Sarg. 

Hemlock  '' ' .:'"''  :1".*''   *'^       •.          .       30 

5  Picea  albertiana.     S.  Brown.     Alberta 

Spruce       .  ./'      .      *:^.          .       ••-•*       32 

6  Zygadenus  elegans  Pursh.     Tall  Zy- 

gadenus      'v:    t-v)     •  i.  '••      -<^  --;-      38 


xiv  Illustrations 

PLATE  FACING  PAGE 

6  Zygadenus  gramineus  Rydb.     Zyga- 

denus  ,          .          .   .       .  ."       .        38 

7  Stenanthella  occidentalis    (A.   Gray). 

Rydb.     Stenanthium     .          .          .        40 

7  Clintonia  uniflora   Kunth.     Clintonia       40 

8  Tofieldia  intermedia  Rydb.    False  As- 

phodel        ' ;  "    'r\         ;V:'       Vi;-  :'  .''       42 

8  Vagnera  stellata   (L)   Morong.     Star- 

Flowered  Solomon  s  Seal        '  .'         .       42 

9  Erythronium     grandiflorum.     Pursh. 

Snow  Lily   .        ".         '.        "-.         -.       44 

lo     Lilium  montanum  A.  Nels.  Red  Moun- 
tain-Lily     .          .-       v         .      .   '.       46 

10  Kruhsea  streptopoides  (Ledeb)   Kear- 

ney.    Kruhsea      .          .          .          .46 

11  Cypripedium  passerinum  Rich.     Small 

White  Lady's  Slipper     .          '.   ,:      .        54 

11  Cypripedium       parvinorum       Salisb. 

Small  Yellow  Lady's  Slipper  .        '  '.        54 

12  Corallorhiza  Corallorhiza  (L).   Karst. 

Coral-Root  .          *         .  .       .          .       56 

12  Lyschiton        kamtschatcense         (L.) 

Schott.     Western  Skunk-Cabbage    .        56 

13  Cytherea  bulbosa  (L.)  House.     Calyp- 

so    ,.  .  ~      .          .          .         .          .       58 


Illustrations  xv 

PLATE  FACING  PAGE 

13  Orchis      rottmdifolia     Pursh.      Small 

Round-Leaved  Orchid     .          ;•'       .        58 

14  Limnorchis       dilatatiformis       Rydb. 

Purplish-Green  Bog-Orchid     .          .        62 

14  Peramium  Menziesii  (Lindl.)  Morong. 

Menzies'  Rattlesnake  Plantain         .      .62 

15  Ophrys    borealis    (Morong).     Northern 

Twayblade   .          .          .          .          .64 

15     Ophrys  nephrophylla  Rydb.     Heart- 

Shaped  Twayblade          .          .          .64 

15     Cceloglossum      bracteatum       (Willd) 

Parl.     Long-Bracted  Orchid    .          .        64 

1 5     Limnorchis  fragrans  Rydb.     Fragrant 

White  Bog-Orchid  .          .          .64 

15  Lysiella     obtusata     (Pursh)      Rydb. 

Small  Northern  Bog-Orchid     .          .        64 

1 6  ComandrapallidaDC.     White  Coman- 

dra      .  74 

1 6  Eriogonum  subalpinum  Greene.     Tall 

White  Eriogonum  .  '       .          .        74 

17  Claytonia  lanceolata   Pursh.     Spring 

Beauty         .....        80 

17  Claytonia     parvifolia      Moc.     Small- 

Leaved  Spring  Beauty   ...        80 

1 8  Silene  acaulis  L.     Moss  Campion        -.        82 
1 8     Lychnis  apetala  L.     Nodding  Lychnis        82 


xvi  Illustrations 

pLATE  FACING  PAGE 

19     Alsine     borealis      (Bigel.)      Britton. 

Northern  Stitchwort        .          .          .86 

19     Moehringia   lateriflora     (L.)      Blunt- 
Leaved  Sandwort  .          .          .          .86 

19  Arenaria  capillaris  nardifolia  (Ledeb.) 

Regel.     Rock  Sandwort  .          .86 

20  Caltha   leptosepala   Hook.         .       ;,  o    104 

20  Trollius   albiflorus    (A.    Gray)    Rydb. 

Western  Globe-Flower     .       •   .;'    s.i-     104 

21  Aquilegia     brevistyla     Hook.     Small 

Blue  Columbine    .        ••;        •       '., .'     102 

22  Aquilegia  flavescens  S.  Wats.     Yellow 

Columbine    ....       -  ,  ?      106 

22  Aquilegia-  formosa  Fisch.  Western  Col- 

umbine     :.. ,          .; .  ;.       .        •  »<:;,    .>      106 

23  Delphinium  Brownii  Rydb.    Mountain 

Larkspur      .          ,<:       .        .>  ,    ;  .      108 

23  Anemone  globosa  Nutt.    Wind-Flower     108 

24  Anemone  Drummondii  S.  Wats.     Al- 

pine Anemone      if\       .      •';  V  '  %?.        92 

24  Anemone  parviflora  Michx.     Northern 

Anemone      .          .        . .  •  \.        92 

25  Pulsatilla  hirsutissima  (Pursh)  Britton 

Pasque-Flower     .          .  .  \.       94 

25     Pulsatilla  ^   occidentalis     (S.     Wats.) 

Freyn.     Western  Anemone      .       _.'       94 


Illustrations  xvii 


FACING  PAGE 


26  Atragene    columbiana   Nutt.     Purple 

Virgins-Bower    ;-,;,-       ;, ,     .   ., ,        .        90 

27  Ranunculus  saxicola  Rydb.        ;  -       .      100 
27     Ranunculus  alpeophilus.     A  Nels.       .      100 

27  Ranunculus  Eschscholtzii  Schl.  Snow 

Buttercup     .       .    .         •.          .          .100 

28  Ranunculus       eremogenes       Greene. 

Ditch  Crowfoot      .          .          .          .98 
28     Ranunculus  Purshii  Richards.  Pursh's 

Buttercup     .          .  .          .98 

28  Ranunculus  inamcenus  Greene   .          .        98 

29  Thalictrum  megacarpum  Torr  .  .        96 

29  Thalictrum  occidentale  A.   Gray. 

Western  Meadow- Rue    .          .          .96 

30  Delphinium      Menziesii      DC.       Blue 

Larkspur     .          .       \v«:         .          .no 

30  Lithophragma       parviflora      (Hook.) 

Nutt.     Lithophragma    .          .          .no 

31  Physaria    didymocarpa     (Hook.)     A. 

Gray.     Bladder-Pod      .          .          .      116 

31  Smelowskia    calycina    (Desv.)    C.   A. 

Meyer.     Smelowskia      .          .          .116 

32  Draba  oligosperma  Hook.      Whitlow- 

Grass  .  .  .  .  .       112 

32     Draba     andina     (Nutt.)       A.     Nels. 

Mountain  Whitlow-Grass  112 


xviii  Illustrations 


FACING   PAGE 


33     Draba  glacialis  Adams  Whitlow-Grass     114 

33  Draba  aurea  Vahl.     Golden  Whitlow- 

Grass  .          .          .          .          .114 

34  Parnassia  montanensis  Rydb.  &  Fern. 

Marsh  Grass  of  Parnassus      .          .126 

34  Ribes    lacustre  (Pers.)    Poir.    Swamp 

Gooseberry   .          .          .          .          .126 

3 5  Mitella  nuda  L .     Naked  Bishop' s-Cap.     132 

35  Pectiantia  pentandra  (Hook.)   Rydb. 

Mitrewort     .          .          .          .          .     132 

36  Saxifraga   cernua  L.     Nodding  Saxi- 

frage .  .      136 

36  Saxifraga  rival aris  L.     Alpine  Brook 

Saxifrage     .          .          ..         .       i    .      136 

37  Micranthes    Nelsoniana     (D.     Don.) 

Small.     Nelson's  Saxifrage     .       i   .      140 

37  Micranthes    Lyallii    (Engler)     Small. 

LyalVs  Saxifrage  .          .          .          .140 

38  Muscaria      caespitosa       (L.)       Haw. 

Tufted  Saxifrage  .          .          .       ^.138 

38  Micranthes       rhomboidea       (Greene) 

Small.     Mountain  Saxifrage  .      138 

39  Spatularia  Brunoniana(Bong.)   Small. 

Sail  Saxifrage       .          .          .          .142 

39     Leptasea  austromontana    (Wiegand), 

Small.     Common  Saxifrage    .          .142 


Illustrations  xix 

PLATE  FACING  PAGE 

40     Tiarella    unifoliata    Hook.       Western 

Foam-Flower     ..    .         ^v    l~*>w  i..  •'    150 

40  Lutkea     pectinata    (Pursh)     Kuntze. 

Cut-Leaved  Lutkea        .  .;v    'u.  j.'  150 

41  Rubus      pedatus      Smith.       Creeping 

Raspberry    .       I'W-*  Pr?        -1.  7    '•••;      152 

42  Rubus    parviflorus.     Nutt.     Salmon- 

Berry  .          .         V         •*    '       .      156 

43  Fragaria   glauca    (S.    Wats.)     Rydb. 

Wild  Strawberry   .       J'»:-H    •,-;-.       •      J58 

43  Amelanchier     flinda    Lindl.      Service 

Berry         v;  ">       .         ;.      ,.    ;      .      158 

44  Dry  as  octopetala  L.     White  Mountain 

Avens.       -Jt'u  •*  -i ->r    '' •'.-. :''    ;;'i":  :  ;i     164 

44  Dryas    Drummondii    Rich.      Drum- 

mond's  Mountain  Avens      &\&$\       .      164 

45  Geum  strictum  Ait.     Yellow  Avens   .      162 

45  Sieversia   ciliata  (Pursh)   Don.  Long- 

Plumed  Purple  Avens    .          .         ^162 

46  Phaca  americana  (Hook.)  Rydb.  Arc- 

tic Vetch       .        ' .          ..         .          .172 

46  Homalobus       aboriginorum       (Rich) 

Rydb.     Indian  Vetch     .       "'1~.w       .,     172 

47  Aragallus     deflexus.      (Pall.)     Heller. 

Drooping  Vetch      .       •  • .  •i-     '  ;.'•     •-  .      176 

17     Aragallus    viscidulus     Rydb.     Sticky 
Oxytrope      .      .  ,;f.rf  [Mx'-i   i  •^  I  • 


xx  Illustrations 

FACING  PAGE 

48     Aragallus   Lamberti  (Pursh)   Greene. 

Loco-Weed  ...  jg0 

48  Lathyrus  ochroleucus  Hook.      White 

Vetch  .          .          .180 

49  Empetrum  nigrum  L.  Black  Crowberry     182 

49  Linum    Lewisii   Pursh.      Wild   Blue- 

Flax   ....          .          .          .      Ig2 

• 

50  Pachystima  myrsinites  (Pursh)   Raf. 

Mountain  Lover    .        '  ".  jg^ 

50  Viola  adunca  longipes  (Nutt.)  Rydb. 

Dog  Violet  .          .          .          .      184 

5 1  Elaeagnus  argentea  Pursh.  Silver-Berry     1 90 

51  Lepargyrasa   canadensis    (L.)    Greene 

Buffalo-Berry      -^A       .          .          .190 

52  Epilobium     luteum    Pursh.      Yellow 

Willow-Herb         ,       ;V      ^tp..^  ii:rf     z 

52  Chamaenerion   latifolium    (L.)    Sweet. 

Broad-Leaved  Willow-Herb     .          .194 

53  Chamasnerion  angustifolium  (L.)  Scop. 

Fire-Weed    .          .          .s        .          .      jg6 

53  Berberis  aquifolium  Pursh.      Trailing 

Mahonia      .          .-;.-;;       .  .      196 

54  Echinppanax      horriduni.        (Smith) 

Dec.  &  Planch.     Devil's  Club  200 


Illustrations 


I'LATE  FACING  PAGE 

55  Cornus   canadensis   intermedia   Farr. 

Bunch-Berry         ',  -      ...       ;  ^*;     •"...      204 

56  Pyrola  asarifolia    Michx.     Liver  -Leaf 

Wintergreen  .          .         .,  .        .      208 

56     Pyrola  uliginosa  Torr.       Bog  Winter- 

green    .  .          --,.;  .     .  .  ..        208 

56  Moneses  uniflora  (L.)  A.  Gray.     One- 

Flowered  Wintergreen     .          ..  .      208 

57  Chimaphila    umbellata      (L.)      Nutt. 

Prince's  Pine        .          ...        .  .210 

57  Arctostaphylos  uva-ursi   (L.)  Spreng. 

Bear-Berry  .          .          .          .          .210 

58  Oxycoccus     oxy  coccus     (L.)     MacM. 

Small  Cranberry   .         .-,          .  .      212 

58     Gaultheria  ovatifolia  A.  Gray.    Ovate- 

Leaved-Winter  green         .        .    ,  .      212 

58  Vitis-idaea    Vitis-idaea    (L.)     Britton. 

Mountain  Cranberry      .          .          .212 

59  Cassiope    Mertensiana    (Bong.)    Don. 

White  Heath          .          .          .          .216 

59     Phyllodoce     empetriformis      (Smith) 

Don.     Red  False-Heather        .          .216 

59  Phyllodoce       glanduliflora       (Hook.) 

Rydb.     White  False-Heather         ^      216 

60  Ledum  groenlandicum  QEder.     Labra- 

dor Tea  218 


xxii  Illustrations 

PLATE  FACING  PAGE 

60  Azaleastrum  albiflorum  (Hook.)  Rydb. 

White  Mountain  Rhododendron        .      218 

6 1  Menziesia  ferruginea  Smith.     Smooth 

Menziesea    .          .          .          .          .220 

6 1  Kalmia   microphylla  (Hook.)   Heller. 

Dwarf  Swamp-Laurel    .          .          .220 

62  Vaccinium      erythrococcum      Rydb. 

Alpine  Bilberry     .          .          .          .222 

62     Vaccinium    globulare    Rydb.     Thin- 
Leaved  Bilberry    -«          .  ^  :      2  2  2 

62  Vaccinium  ovalifolium  Smith.     Blue- 

berry .        - ,.  '        '.  ^       .       r^5      222 

63  Primula  Maccalliana  Wiegand.     Mac- 

calla's  Primrose  .          .       \.".      228 

63  Androsace      carinata       Torr.      Sweet 

Androsace    .          .          .  228 

64  Trientalis  arctica  Fisch.     Arctic  Star- 

Flower          \_ ...  .      230 

64  Dodecatheon  conjugens  Greene.  Shoot- 

ing-Star       .          ;. .., ,.:       .  -230 

65  Gentiana  affinis  Griseb.     Large  Gen- 

tian    ....  •      234 

65  Romanzoffia     sitchensis     Bong.     Ro- 

manzoffia      .       *"J1'         .          .          •      234 

66  Phacelia  sericea   (Graham)   A.   Gray. 

Mountain  Phacelia         .          .          .238 


Illustrations  xxiii 

PLATE  FACING  PAGE 

66  Phacelia  heterophylla  Pursh     .      c-nJ     238 

67  Lappula  floribunda  (Lehm.)   Greene. 

False  Forget-me-not     ,tj»:ij,      •**«    -V    242 

67  Lithospermum   linearifolium    Goldie. 

Narrow-Leaved  Puccoon          .    _  _.,.-..  2 42 

68  Collinsia     parviflora     Dougl.     Small- 

Flowered  Collinsia        . . v_ ,.    ,   .          . .    248 

68  Elephantella    groenlandica        (Retz.) 

Rydb.     Long-Beaked  Elephantella  .      248 

69  Pentstemon  confertus  Dougl.     Yellow 

Beard-Tongue       .          .          .          .      250 

69  Pentstemon  pseudohumilis  Rydb.       .      250 

70  Pentstemon  fruticosus  (Pursh)  Greene. 

Large  Purple  Beard-Tongue    .        ".      262 

70  Pinguicula  vulgaris  L.     Butterwort   .      262 

71  Linnaea  americana  Forbes.    American 

Twin-Flower         Jt  u '..--v       ..         ,.      266 

71  Lonicera      ebractulata     Rydb.     Fly 

Honeysuckle        '  . ' '   u!; .   '       .  '     .'I '    266 

72  Lonicera  involucrata  (Rich.)   Banks. 

Involucred  Fly  Honeysuckle    ..'    !  ..    270 

73  Valeriana     sitchensis     Bong.       Wild 

Heliotrope    .          .          .          .          .272 

73     Lobelia     Kalmii     strictiflora     Rydb. 

Brook  Lobelia        .          .          .          .272 


xxiv  Illustrations 

I>LATE  FACING  PAGE 

74     Hieracium  umbellatum   L.     Narrow- 
Leaved  Hawkweed       .•/*»•;.,        .       . ...      276 

74  Agoseris  aurantiaca  (Hook.)  Greene.     276 

75  Erigeron  acris  L.     Blue  Fleabane       .      288 

75     Erigeron  salsuginosus  (Rich.)  A.  Gray. 

Large  Purple  Fleabane  .         ..          .      288 

75  Saussurea  densa  Hook.     Saussurea    .      288 

76  Erigeron  discoideus  Rydb.         ,  '     J/    292 

76     Erigeron  melanocephalus  A.   Nelson. 

Black-Headed  Fleabone        *"'."!        r';1     292 

76  Erigeron     multifidus      Rydb.       Cut- 

Leaved  Fleabane    .          .       '••  —  •'    itr^     2^2 

77  Aster  Lindleyanus  T.  &  G.          '.       '.      298 

78  Erigeron   aureus      Greene.         Golden 

Fleabane      .  .          .'         . "'    ^'^   302 

78  Gaillardia     aristata     Pursh.      Great- 

Flowered  Gaillardia       .'  *   '  ^ ' '    '  ' .     302 

79  Arnica  cordifolia  Hook.    Heart-Leaved 

Arnica        '.          .          .          .;*   " '..     304 

79     Arnica  louiseana  Farr.     Pale-Flowered 

Arnica      :i   .  "        .  '     '  ;  v'   l-\  :-    ^     ^04 


GLOSSARY 

ACAULESCENT  :  with'  stem  so  short  that  leaves  appear 
to  arise  directly  from  root. 

ACHENE:  a  small,  dry,  one-seeded  indehiscent,  seed- 
like  fruit. 

ACUMINATE:  tapering  gradually  to  a  point. 

ACUTE  :  with  an  abrupt  point. 

ADNATE:  growing  together  as  the  stamens  with  the 
petals,  or  the  anthers  with  the  filament. 

ALTERNATE:  (leaves)  not  opposite  but  arising  at 
different  points  on  the  stem.  •  Stamens  are  al- 
ternate with  petals  when  they  are  situated  in  the 
intervals. 

ANTHER:  the  part  of  the  stamen  which  contains  the 
pollen. 

APICAL:  pertaining  to  the  top  or  apex. 

AURICULATE:  with  ear-like  appendages  at  base. 

AXIAL:  pertaining  to  an  axis. 

BILABIATE:  two-lipped. 

BLADE:  the  expanded  portion  of  a  leaf. 

BRACT:  a  modified  and  usually  small  leaf  at  the  base 
of  a  flower  or  flower-cluster.  In  the  latter  case 
it  is  usually  associated  with  others. 

BRACTEOLATE:  furnished  with   small  bracts. 

C^SPITOSE:  growing  in  tufts. 

CALYX  :  the  outer  whorl  of  floral  leaves  forming  usually 
a  green  cup. 

CAMPANULATE  :  bell-shaped. 

CANESCENT:  greyish- white,  due  usually  to  fine  hairs. 

CAPILLARY:  hair-like. 


xxvi  Glossary 

CAPITATE:  arranged  in  a  head;  knob-like. 

CAPSULE:  a  dry,  dehiscent  seed-vessel. 

CARPEL:  a  pistil-leaf.     The  pistil  is  regarded  as  being 

composed  of  one  or  more  such  carpels. 
CATKIN  :  the  scaly,  cylindrical  flower-cluster  of  Willow, 

Birch,  .etc. 

CAUDATE:  with  a  tail-like  appendage. 
CAUDEX:    the   perennial   rootstock    of    an    otherwise 

annual  plant. 

CHARTACEOUS:  papery  or  parchment-like. 
CILIATE  :  fringed  with  marginal  hairs. 
CINEREOUS  :  ashen  or  greyish. 
CLEISTOGAMIC:    (flowers)    never   opening   as   the   late 

flowers  of  violets,  etc. 
CONNATE:  united. 
CORDATE:  heart-shaped. 
CORIACEOUS:  leathery. 
CORM:  a  solid  bulb. 

CORYMBOSE:    with    a    flat-topped    or    convex    flower- 
cluster,  the  flower-stalks  of  which  arise  at  different 

points  on  the  axis,  and  of  which  the  outermost 

flowers  are  the  oldest. 
CRENATE:  with  rounded  teeth. 
CRENULATE:  with  small  rounded  teeth. 
CUNEATE:  wedge-shaped. 
CUSPIDATE  :  ending  in  a  sharp,  hard  point. 
CYME:    a    flat-topped    or    convex    flower-cluster,    the 

flower-stalks   of   which    arise   at    different   points 

on  the  axis,  and  of  which  the  innermost  flowers 

are  the  oldest. 
DECIDUOUS:  subject  to  fall,  as  leaves  of  most  trees  and 

calyx  and  corolla  of  most  flowers  before  the  fruit 

forms. 
DECUMBENT:    (stems)    reclining  on   the  ground  with 

summit  tending  to  rise. 


Glossary  xxvii 

DECURRENT:  (leaves)  with  base  prolonged  below  in- 
sertion and  forming  a  sort  of  wing. 
DELTOID:  broadly  triangular. 
DENTATE:'    toothed,    usually    with    teeth    projecting 

outwards. 

DENTICULATE:  with  little,  outwardly  projecting  teeth. 
DIOECIOUS:    having    staminate    and    pistillate    flowers 

on  separate  plants. 
Disc :  the  central  part  of  a  head  as  opposed  to  the  ray, 

e.  g.t  in  the  sun-flower.     Also  a  fleshy  expansion 

of  the  receptacle  of  the  flower. 
DRUPE:  a  stone-fruit. 
DRUPELET:  a  small  stone-fruit. 
ELLIPTIC:  with  the  outline  of  an  ellipse. 
ENTIRE  :  with  the  margin  even  and  not  toothed,  lobed, 

or  divided. 

EROSE:  irregularly  margined. 
FIMBRIATE:  fringed. 

FLOCCOSE  :  with  loose  tufts  of  wool-like  hairs. 
FOLIACEOUS:  leaf -like. 
FOLLICLE  :  a  fruit  of  one  carpel  (pistil-leaf)  which  splits 

only  by  one  suture. 
FUSIFORM  :  spindle-shaped. 
GALEA:  a  helmet-shaped  body. 
GLANDULAR:   with   small   prominences   which   appear 

to  have  a  secreting  function. 

GLAUCOUS:  covered  with  a  bluish  or  white  bloom. 
GLOBOSE  :  spherical. 

INCISED:  sharply  and  irregularly  cut  into. 
INDUSIUM:  the  membrane  covering  the  fruit-dots  of 

ferns. 
INFERIOR:  (side  of  flower)  the  one  away  from  the  axis 

of  the   flower-cluster;     (ovary)   united  with    the 

calyx-tube,    the    other    floral    parts    apparently 

growing  from  its  summit. 


xxviii  Glossary     • 

INFLORESCENCE:  the  mode  of  arrangement  of  flowers 

on  the  stem;  the  flower-cluster. 
INTERNODE  :  the  portion  of  the  stem  between  the  places 

where  the  leaves  arise. 
INVOLUCRE:  a  whorl  of  small  leaves  at  the  base  of  a 

flower  or  flower-cluster. 

KEEL:  the  lower  petals  of  the  peculiar  corolla  of  the 
pea,  etc.,  which  are  united  in  the  form  of  the  keel 
of  a  boat. 

LACINIATE:  with  deep,  triangular,  narrow  lobes. 
LANATE:  woolly.  • 

LANCEOLATE  :  narrow  and  tapering  at  each  end. 
LATERAL:  pertaining  to  the  side. 

LEAFLET:  one  of  the  divisions  of  the  blade  of  a  com- 
pound leaf. 

LINEAR:  narrow  and  flat  with  the  margins  parallel. 
LYRATE:   lyre-shaped. 

MONOECIOUS:  having  the  separate  staminate  and  pis- 
tillate flowers  on  the  same  plant. 
MUCRONATE:  with  a  short,  abrupt  point. 
NODE  :  the  point  of  the  stem  from  which  one  or  more 

leaves  arise. 
OBLANCEOLATE:  lance-shaped  with  the  base  tapering 

downwards. 
OBTUSE:  blunt. 
ORBICULAR:  circular. 

OVATE:  egg-shaped  (applied  to  flat  bodies). 
OVOID:  egg-shaped  (applied  to  solids). 
PALMATE:    (compound    leaf)    with    the    divisions    so 
arranged  that  they  radiate  from  the  petiole  like 
the  fingers- of  the  hand. 
PANICLE:   a   branched,   flower-cluster   with   the   older 

flowers  outermost. 

PANICULATE:  with  much  branched  open  flower 
clusters. 


Glossary  xxix 

PAPILLA  :  minute,  blunt  projections. 

PAPPUS:  the  bristles,  awns,  or  hairs  which  crown  the 

fruit  of  the  Composites. 

PARIETAL :  (placentas)  attached  to  the  wall  of  the  ovary. 
PEDUNCLE:  a  flower-stalk. 
PERENNIAL:  lasting  from  year  to  year. 
PERFOLIATE  :  (leaves)  havipg  the  basal  part  so  extended 

and  united  as  to  make  it  appear  as  though  the 

stem  grew  through  them. 
PERIANTH:  the  calyx  and  corolla  collectively. 
PETAL:  a  corolla-leaf. 
PETALOID:  petal-like. 
PETIOLE:  the  leaf -stalk. 

PINNAE:  the  primary  divisions  of  a  compound  leaf. 
PINNATE  :  compound  with   leaflets  arranged  along   a 

common  axis. 

PINNATIFID:  pinnately  cleft. 
PINNULES:  secondary  pinnae. 
PLACENTA  :  the  parts  of  the  ovary  to  which  the  seeds 

are  attached. 
PLUMOSE  :  feathery. 

POLLEN  :  the  fertilising  powder  of  the  anther. 
POLYGAMOUS:    having    both    perfect    and    imperfect 

flowers. 

PROSTRATE:  lying  flat  on  the  ground. 
PUBERULENT:  covered  with  tiny  almost  imperceptible 

hairs. 

PULVINI:  cushions  or  pads. 
RACEME:  a  flower-cluster  in  which  the  stalked  flowers 

are  arranged  along  an  elongated  axis. 
RACEMOSE:  raceme-like. 
RACHIS:  the  axis. 
RADICAL  :  arising  from  the  root,  or  portion  of  the  stem 

resembling  the  root. 
RECEPTACLE:  the  usually  somewhat  enlarged  portion 


xxx  Glossary 

of  the  stem  on  which  parts  of  a  flower  or  of  a 
flower-cluster  are  borne. 

RENIFORM  :  kidney-shaped. 

REPAND:  wavy -margined. 

RETICULATE  :  arranged  like  a  network. 

REVOLUTE  :  rolled  backward. 

RHIZOME:  an  underground  stem;  a  rootstock. 

RHOMBIC:  having  the- shape  of  a  four-sided  figure  with 
parallel  and  equal  sides  which  may  be  either 
perpendicular  or  oblique  to  each  other. 

RHOMBOID:  of  a  somewhat  rhombic  shape. 

ROTATE:  wheel-shaped. 

RUNCINATE  :  coarsely  cut  into  with  the  segments  turned 
backward. 

SAGITTATE:  shaped  like  an  arrow-head  with  the  lobes 
turned  downward. 

SAMARA:  a  simple,  indehiscent,  winged  fruit. 

SAPROPHYTE  :  a  plant  which  grows  on  dead  organic 
matter. 

SCALE  :  a  minute,  rudimentary  leaf. 

SCAPE:  a  leafless  or  nearly  leafless  flower-stalk  arising 
from  near  the  ground. 

SCARIOUS:  dry,  thin,  membranous. 

SCURF:  minute  scales  on  the  epidermis  (skin). 

SEPALS  :  the  divisions  of  the  calyx. 

SERRATE:  with  teeth  pointing  forwards. 

SERRULATE:  with  minute  forward  pointing  teeth. 

SESSILE  :  (leaf)  without  any  stalk. 

SHEATH:  a  tubular  structure  such  as  is  formed  by  the 
lower  part  of  the  leaves  of  grasses,  etc. 

SILICLE  :  a  short  and  broad  silique. 

SILIQUE:  the  elongated  two-valved  and  usually  de- 
hiscent fruit  of  the  Cress  family.  It  is  divided 
by  a  partition  and  the  placentae  are  parietal. 

SINUATE:  with  a  strongly  wavy  margin. 


Glossary  xxxi 

SINUS:  the  recess  between  the  lobes  of  a  leaf. 

SORI:  the  fruit-dots  of  ferns. 

SPADIX  :  a  fleshy  spike  as  in  the  Araceae. 

SPATHE:  a  large  bract  or  pair  of  bracts  enclosing  a 

flower  or  an  inflorescence. 
SPATULATE  :  spoon-shaped. 

SPIKE:  a  flower-cluster  in  which  the  flowers  are  stalk- 
less  on  an  elongated  axis. 
SPORANGES  :  the  sacs  containing  the  spores. 
SPORE:  the  reproductive  body  of  ferns. 
SPOROPHYLL:  leaf-like  organ  or  receptacle    containing 

spores. 
STAMEN:  the  organ  of  the  flower  which  produces  the 

pollen. 
STAMINODIA:  sterile   stamens  or  structures  which  are 

developed  in  the  place  of  stamens. 
STELLATE  :  star-shaped. 
STIPE:  the  leaf-stalk  of  a  fern. 
STIPULE  :  an  appendage  such  as  is  found  at  the  base  of 

many  leaf-stalks. 

STOLON  :  a  trailing  and  rooting  shoot. 
STRIATE:  marked  with  slender,  longitudinal  stripes. 
STRICT  :  straight  and  upright. 

STYLE  :  (of  pistil)  the  elongated  portion  at  top  of  ovary. 
SUBULATE  :   awl-shaped. 
SUPERIOR:  (side  of  flower)  the  one  next  the  axis  of  a 

flower-cluster;   (ovary)  free  from  calyx  tube. 
TERETE:  cylindrical,  circular  in  cross-section. 
TERNATE:  in  threes. 

TOMENTOSE:  clothed  with  matted  wool-like  hairs. 
TORULOSE:  knobby;   swollen   at   intervals. 
TRUNCATE:  as  if  cut  off  at  the  top. 
TUBERCLE:  a  small  knob-like  outgrowth. 
TURBINATE:  top-shaped. 
UMBEL:  an  umbrella-like  flower-cluster. 


xx*ii  Glossary 

UNDULATE  :  wavy. 

VALVATE  :  (leaves  in  bud)  meeting  by  the  margins,  not 

overlapping. 
VERTICILLATE:  whorled. 
VEXILLUM:    the    standard    of   the    peculiar   flower   of 

pea,  etc. 
VILLOUS  :  with  long  soft  hairs. 


GENERAL  KEY  TO  THE  FAMILIES 

PLANTS  WITHOUT  FLOWERS 

FERNS  AND  THEIR  ALLIES 

Leaves  large,  fern-like. 

Sporanges  in  a  spike  or  panicle  above  the  sterile 
leaf.  Ophioglossaceae. 

Sporanges  borne  in  sori,  on  the  backs  or  margins  of 
the  leaves.  Polypodiaceae. 

Leaves  small,  reduced  to  scales. 

Stems  erect,  hollow,  jointed,  rush-like;  leaves  re- 
duced to  sheaths  at  the  joints;  Sporanges  in 
the  terminal,  cone-like  spike.  Equisetacese. 

Stems  not  hollow,  creeping;  leaves  numerous,  scale- 
like;  Sporanges  of  one  kind,  solitary  in  the  axils 
of  the  leaves.  Lycopodiaceae. 

Stems  creeping,  moss-like;  leaves  numerous;  spor- 
anges  of  two  kinds  in  the  axils  of  the  upper 
leaves,  which  are  formed  into  a  quadrangular 
spike.  Selaginellaceae. 

PLANTS  WITH  FLOWERS 
WOODY  STEMMED  PLANTS;  TREES,  SHRUBS,  AND  VINES 

TREES    OR  SHRUBS    WITH     RESINOUS    JUICE',    LEAVES 

USUALLY  EVERGREEN. 

Fruit  a  cone,  either  dry  or  berry-like.        Pinacese. 
Fruit  a  fleshy  crimson  berry.  Taxaceae. 


xxxiv  General  Key  to  Families 

TREES,   SHRUBS,    OR  VINES  WITH   WATERY  JUICE. 

Leaves  deciduous. 

Flowers  in  catkins.  • 

Staminate    and  pistillate   catkins   on    different 
plants;  seed  with  white,  silky  hairs. 

Salicaceae. 

Staminate  and  pistillate  catkins  on  the  same 
plant;  fruit  cone-like.  Betulacese. 

Flowers  not  in  catkins. 

(A)  Trees. 

Leaves  simple,  not  lobed;  flowers  white. 

Drupacese. 
Leaves  lobed;  flowers  greenish-yellow. 

Aceraceae. 
Leaves  pinnate;  flowers  white.  Pomacese. 

(B)  Shrubs  or  vines. 

*Stems  spiny  erect  or  trailing, 
(a)   Leaves  simple  or  lobed. 

Flowers  small  in  dense  terminal  racemes. 

Araliaceae. 

Flowers  few  in    axillary   clusters  or  ra- 
cemes. Grossulariaceae. 
(6)   Leaves  pinnate  or  palmate.      Rosaceae. 
**Stems  not  spiny  but  with  minute  scales; 
fruit  silver,  scarlet  or  orange  berries. 

Elaeagnaceae. 
***Stems  erect,  smooth. 
•    (a)   Petals  distinct. 
f  Leaves  simple. 

Flowers  small,  in  flat  heads  or  clusters. 
Petals  4 ;  stamens  4.  Cornaceae. 
Petals  5 ;  stamens  numerous. 

Rosaceae. 


General  Key  to  Families    xxxv 

Flowers  in  axillary  clusters  or  racemes ; 

petals  5 ;  stamens  numerous. 
Fruit  a  berry.  Drupaceae. 

Fruit  a  pome.  Pomacese. 

ft  Leaves  pinnate ;  flowers  yellow.  Rosaceae. 
(6)  Petals  united. 

Flowers     small,     short-campanulate     in 
axillary    or    terminal    heads. 

Caprifoliaceae. 

Flowers   large,    funnelform,    in  terminal 
or  axillary  clusters  (Azaleastrwri) 

Ericaceae. 

Flowers  bell  or  urn-shaped,  few,  axillary. 

Vacciniaceae. 
****Stems   creeping   or   twining,    smooth   or 

hairy. 

Flowers     with     distinct    petals,     blue    or 
purple.     (Atragene).       Rammculaceae. 
Flowers  with  united  petals. 

Corolla   tubular.  Caprifoliaceae. 

Corolla  bell-shaped.  Ericaceae. 

Leaves  evergreen;    shrubs  or  vines. 

Leaves  pinnate ;   flowers  yellow.        Berberidaceae. 
Leaves  simple. 

Flowers  inconspicuous;  fruit  a  black  berry. 

Empetraceae. 

Flowers    showy,    open,    campanulate     or    urn> 
shaped,    white   or   pink.  Ericaceae. 

HERBACEOUS  PLANTS 

Plants  without  leaves. 

Parasitic  on  branches  or  stems  of  evergreens. 

Loranthaceae. 

Not  parasitic  on  trees ;  roots  coral-like.  (Corallorhiza) 

Orchidaceae. 


xxxvi  General  Key  to  Families 

Plants  with  leaves. 

Leaves  parallel-veined. 

(A)  Flowers  small,  collected  on  a  spadix.  Aracese. 

(B)  Flowers  not  collected  on  a  spadix. 
*Flowers  regular;  corolla  lobes   6;  stamens   6. 

(a)    Leaves  grass-like,  mostly  at  the  base. 
Flowers  white  or  greenish.      Melanthacese. 
Flowers  pink.   (Allium).  .  Liliacese. 

Flowers  blue.      (Sisyrinchium} .      Iridacese. 
(6)  Leaves  not  grass-like,  mostly  on  the  stem. 
Flowers  white  or  pink.          Convallariacese. 
Flowers  green.  Melanthacese. 

Flowers    yellow    or    orange.  Liliacese. 

Flowers  red  or  wine-color.    (Kruhsea.) 

Convallariaceae. 

** Flowers  irregular,   frequently  with  broad  or 
inflated  lip   and  spur.  Orchidacese. 

Leaves  not  parallel-veined. 

(A)  Flowers  small,  in  close  heads  surrounded  by 
an   involucre. 

Flowers  all  alike,  florets  ligulate.      Cichoriacese. 
Flowers  not  alike,   central  ones  tubular,   mar- 
ginal usually  with  rays.  Carduacese 

(B)  Flowers  in  umbels  at  the  ends  of  the  stems 
or  branches. 

Umbels  broad,  flat  or  nearly  so,  flowers  white, 
yellow,   or  purple.  Apiaceae. 

Umbels  round. 

Flowers  greenish;  leaves  compound. 

Araliaceae. 
Flowers  white  or  pink;  leaves  simple. 

(Eriogonum. )  Polygonacese. 

(C)  Flowers  not  in  umbels. 
*  Flowers  regular. 


General  Key  to  Families  xxxvii 

(a)  Flowers  with  2  sepals  and  5  petals ;  corolla 
pink.  Portulacaceae. 

(fc)  Flowers  with  3  sepals  and  3  petals;  seeds 
triangular.  Polygonaceae. 

(c)  Flowers  with  4  sepals  and  4  petals.  Stem 

angular;  leaves  in  whorls.  Rubiaceae. 
Stem  round;  leaves  not  in  whorls. 
Stamens   6,   erect.  Brassicaceae. 

Stamens  8,   spreading.        Onagraceae. 

(d)  Flowers  with   5   sepals  or  petals,   distinct, 
f  Stamens  as  many  or  twice  as  many  as  the 

corolla  lobes. 
Stems  swollen  at  the  nodes. 

Caryophyllaceae . 
Stems  not  swollen  at  the  nodes. 

Stem  leaves  numerous,  entire,  thin; 
flowers  in  terminal  or  axillary  clus- 
ters, white  or  greenish. 

Santalaceae. 

Leaves  basal,  entire;  flowers  solitary 
on  a  i -leaved  scape.     Parnassiaceae. 
Leaves   mostly   basal,   lobed  or    cut; 
flowers  in  a  close  spike  or  head. 

Saxifragaceae. 
Leaves  and  stems  fleshy. 

Follicles  2.  Saxifragaceae. 

Follicles  4.  Crassulaceae. 

Leaves  numerous,  stiff,  awl-shaped; 

stems  low,  tufted      Saxifragaceae. 

ttStamens  more   than   twice   as  many   as 

the  corolla  lobes. 
§Leaves  basal  or  mostly  so. 

Leaves  evergreen,  simple  or  lobed, 
flowers  yellow  or  white,  solitary  on 
naked  scapes.  (Dryas.)  Rosaceae. 


xxxviii  General  Key  to  Families 

Leaves   not   evergreen,   simple,  lobed, 

or  much  divided. 
Smooth. 

Stems  erect  or  floating. 

Ranunculaceae. 

Stems  creeping. 

Flowers  white  or  pink. 

Rosaceae. 

Flowers  yellow.    Ranunculaceas. 
Rough-hairy. 

Flowers  yellow  or  pink.   Rosacese. 
Flowers  white,  blue  or  purple. 

Ranunculaceae. 
§§Leaves  mostly  on  the  stem. 

Leaves    finely    cut;    stems    creeping; 
flowers  white.  Rosacese. 

Leaves  entire. 

Leaves  bright   green,  black  dotted; 

flowers  yellow.  Hypericacege. 

Leaves  glaucous,  without  black  dots ; 

flowers  blue.  Linacese. 

(e)  Flowers  with  5  sepals  and  5  united  petals 

or  lobes. 

tStamens    3;    flowers    small,    in    terminal 
clusters.  Valerianacese. 

ft  Stamens  5. 

Opposite  to  the  corolla  lobes. 

Primulaceae. 
Alternate  with  the  corolla  lobes. 

Stems    smooth,     leafy;    corolla    cam- 

panulate. 

Stem  leaves  broad;      flowers    pink. 
Apocynaceae. 

Stem  leaves   narrow;    flowers    blue 
Campanulaceae. 


General  Key  to    Families  xxxix 

Stems  rough-hairy. 

Corolla     salver-form:     stamens     in- 
cluded. Boraginaceae. 
Corolla   tubular;   stamens   exserted. 
Hydrophyllaceae. 

ttfStamens  10;  flowers  mostly  in  terminal 
heads  or  singly.  Pyrolaceae. 

** Flowers  irregular. 

(a)  Leaves   all   entire  and  basal,  forming   ro- 
settes; flowers  blue.  Lentibulariaceae. 
(6)  Leaves  all  heart-shaped ;  flowers  blue,  white 
or  yellow.  Violaceae. 

(c)  Leaves  not  heart-shaped,  simple  or  much 

cut,  not  pinnate. 

Stems  square;  flowers  in  close  verticels  in 
the  axils  of  the  leaves  or  in  terminal 
heads.  Menthaceae. 

Stems  round;  flowers  numerous  in  elon- 
gated terminal  leafy  heads  or  few  on 
slender  stems  in  the  axils-  of  the  upper 
leaves.  Scrophulariaceae. 

(d)  Leaves  palmate ;  flowers  blue  in  elongated 

spikes.  Ranunculaceae. 

(e)  Leaves  pinnately  divided ;  flowers  pea-like. 

Papilionaceae. 

(/)    Leaves     compoundly      lobed,     not     pin- 
nate. 

Stems    low,    spreading,    flowers    small    in 
dense  terminal  or  axillary  spikes. 

Papaveraceae. 

Stems  erect;  flowers  drooping  in  open  ter- 
minal heads,  either  showy  and  spurred 
or  not  showy  and  without  spurs ;  leaves 
maiden-hair  fern-like.  Ranunculaceae. 


Alpine  Flora  of  the  Canadian 
Rocky  Mountains 


OPHIOGLOSSACE^E 
Adder'  s-Tongue  Family 

More  or  less  succulent  fern-like  plants, 
consisting  of  a  stem  and  leaf  growing  from 
a  fleshy  root.  Sporophyll  in  the  form  of  a 
spike  or  panicle. 


Botrychium  »    2~12    ^ches    high. 

lunaria  (L.)  Leaf  usually  sessile,  borne  at  or 

Sw.  above  the  middle  of  the  stem, 

Moon-won.  pinnate  with  2_8  pairs  of  moon. 

like  or  fan-shaped  lobes  which  vary  from  cre- 
nate  to  entire  and  either  close  and  folded 
together  or  distant;  spore-bearing  portion 


2  Ophioglossaceae 

2-3  pinnate,  often  dense,    1-2   inches  long, 
about  as  high  as  the  leaf. 

In  open  or  exposed  situations,  frequently 
on  the  tops  of  the  highest  mountains,  rather 
rare;  occurring  in  midsummer. 

Botrychium      Plant  2-6  inches  high,  slender  and 
simplex  E.       very  variable.      Leaf  ovate,  ob- 

Hitchcock.       ovate  or  oblong,  entire,  lobed  or 

Small  Moon-  ,    -,  -,    «  . , 

pinnately  parted,  borne  near  the 
wort. 

base  of  the  stem;  spore-bearing 
portion  a  simple  or  slightly  compound  spike, 
sometimes  reduced  to  only  a  few  sporanges; 
apex  of  the  leaf  and  spore-bearing  portion 
erect  in  fruit. 

In  alpine  meadows  or  grassy  slopes, 
frequently  through  the  Rockies  but  very 
inconspicuous;  during  summer. 

Stem  slender,  4  inches  to  2  feet 
Botrychium 

virginianum      high.     Leaf    thin,   ternately   di- 
(L.)  Sw.  vided  and  spreading  3-12  inches 

vrgwvM          across,  pinnately  much  divided 
Grape  Fern. 

into    oblong-toothed    segments ; 

spore-bearing    portion    long-stalked,    much 


Polypodiaceae  3 

above  the  leaf  2-3  pinnate,  cinnamon  brown, 
when  ripe. 

In  rich  moist  woods,  sparingly  throughout 
the  region  during  the  summer. 


POLYPODIACE.E 
Fern  Family 

Ferns  of  various  habits,  the  rootstocks 
horizontal,  often  elongated  or  short  and  erect ; 
the  leaves  simple,  pinnate,  pinnatifid  or 
decompound,  coiled  at  the  ends  when  young. 
Sporanges  borne  in  clusters  (sort)  on  the 
lower  side  or  margins  of  the  leaves  or  their 
segments,  with  or  without  a  membranous 
covering  (mdusium). 

Represented  in  the  region  by  the  following  10  genera. 
Sori  without  indusia,  leaves  2-3  pinnate  or  ternate. 

Phegopteris. 

Sori  with  marginal  indusia    formed  by  the    more    or 

less  altered  edge  of  the  leaf. 

Sporanges  at  the  ends  of  the  veins,  borne  on  a  re- 
flexed  portion  of  the  leaf.  Adiantum. 
Sporanges    on    a    continuous    vein-like    receptacle 
which  connects  the  apices  of  the  veins. 

Pteridium. 


Polypodiaceae 


Sporanges  at  or  near  the  ends  of  the  unconnected 

veins. 

Leaves  of  two  kinds,  the  spore-bearing  ones  con- 
tracted and  more  or  less  pod-like. 

Cryptogramma. 

Leaves   uniform;   sori   minute,    indusium   usually 
interrupted.  Cheilanthes. 

Sori  not  marginal,  provided  with  spinal  indusia. 
Sori  oblong  on  oblique  veins;  leaves  pinnate. 

Asplenium. 
Sori  round. 

Indusium  conspicuous. 

Leaves  firm ;  indusium  peltate.         Polystichum. 
Leaves   membranous;    indusium    reniform. 

Dryopteris. 
Indusium  inconspicuous. 

Indusium   under  the  sorus,    stellately   divided. 

Woodsia. 
Indusium  hooded,  fixed  by  a  broad  base.     Filix. 

,,,  Rootstock  short,  thick,  erect  or 

Fnegopteris 

alpestris  oblique;  stems  4-10  inches  long 

(Hoppe)  with    a    few    brown    spreading 

Mett-  scales  near  the  base;  leaves  1-2 

Western  f  , 

Beech  Fern.  feet  long'  oblong-lanceolate, 
thrice  pinnate,  the  pinnae  del- 
toid-lanceolate, the  lower  ones  distant 
and  smaller,  pinnules  oblong-lanceolate, 
finely  cut-toothed;  sori  small,  rounded 
and  nearly  marginal. 


Polypodiaceae  5 

On  moist  banks  in  the  Selkirks,  frequent 
especially  in  the  vicinity  of  Glacier,  where 
it  forms  clumps  of  considerable  diameter,  up 
to  7000  feet  elevation. 

Phegopteris      R°otst°ck  slender  and  creeping; 

Phegopteris      stems    6-9    inches    long;    leaves 

(L.)  Un-          triangular,    thin,  usually   longer 

than    broad,    6-9    inches    long, 

Long  Beech  .  . 

4-6  inches  broad,  hairy  on  the 


veins,  especially  beneath;  pinnae 

> 

linear-lanceolate,  the  lowest  pair  deflexed 
and  standing  forward,  segments  oblong, 
obtuse,  entire,  the  basal  ones  joined  to  the 
main  rachis;  sori  small,  near  the  margin. 

In   moist   woods   in   the   Selkirks   at   the 
lower  elevations,  not  common. 

Phegopteris      Rootstock    slender,    extensively 

Dryopteris        creeping;  leaves  or  short  black 

(L.)  F£e.          stipes,    broadly    triangular    4-8 

inches  wide,  the  three   primary 

divisions  1-2  pinnate,  segments  oblong,  ob- 

tuse, entire  or  toothed;  sori  near  the  margin. 

In  moist  woods  and  thickets  throughout 


6  Polypodiaceae 

the  region  at  the  lower  altitudes,  frequently 
forming  beds  of  considerable  size. 

Adiantum  Rootstock  slender,  creeping; 
pedatum  L.  stems  9-18  inches  long,  dark 
Maidenhair  chestnut  brown  or  nearly  black, 
shining,  forked  into  nearly  equal 
branches  at  the  summit;  leaves  obliquely 
orbicular  in  outline,  8-18  inches  broad,  thin, 
the  pinnae  arising  from  the  branches  of  the 
stem,  somewhat  radiately  arranged,  the* 
larger  ones  6-10  inches  long,  1-2  inches 
broad,  pinnules  triangular-oblong,  or  the 
terminal  one  fan-shaped,  the  lower  margin 
entire  and  slightly  curved,  the  upper  cut, 
bearing  the  linear-oblong  son. 

Sparingly  throughout  the  region  in  woods 
or  moist  shaded  situations,  among  rocks. 

Pteridium  Rootstock  stout,  widely  creeping, 
aquilinum  subterranean;  stems  hairy,  1-2 
pubescens  feet  high,  erect,  straw-colored 
Underw.  or  brownish,  leaves  soft  hairy, 
especially  on  the  under  surface, 


Polypodiaceae  7 

2-4  feet  long,  1-3  feet  wide,  ternate,  the 
three  branches  each  bipinnate,  the  upper 
pinnules  undivided,  the  lower  more  or  less 
pinnatifid. 

In  dry  woods,  thickets,  and  open  hillsides, 
throughout  the  region. 

Rootstock     stout,     short,     and 

chaffy;    stems    densely    tufted, 
ma  acrosti- 

choides  R.  straw-colored,  2-6  inches  long, 
Br.  Amer-  very  slender,  chaffy  below; 
ican  Rock-  leaves  ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate 

brake.  .  .  ..  , 

in    outline,    thin,    smooth,    2-3 

pinnate,  the  sterile  shorter  than  the  fertile, 
their  segments  and  pinnules  crowded,  ovate- 
oblong  or  obovate,  crenate  or  slightly  sharply 
cut ;  fertile  leaves  with  linear  or  linear  oblong 
segments  half  an  inch  long,  the  margins  at 
first  rolled  back  to  the  midrib,  at  maturity 
expanded  and  exposing  the  light  brown 
sporanges. 

Forming  tufts  among  rocks  through- 
out the  region  but  most  frequent  in  the 
Selkirks. 


8  Polypodiaceae 

Rootstock  slender,      creeping, 

Cryptogram-     thread_lik  gtems  slender    gcat_ 
ma  Stellen 

(S.  G.              tered     2-3  inches    long,     dark 

Gmel.)  brown;    leaves    thin,    ovate    in 

Prantl.  outline    2-5    inches    long,     1-2 

C*7        xJ 

inches  wide,  2-3  pinnate  or 
Chff-brake 

pinnatifid  above,  the  fertile 
taller,  with  narrower  pinnules  and  segments, 
pinnae  lanceolate-deltoid,  cut  to  the  rachis, 
in  few  lobed  or  entire  segments;  indusium 
broad;  veins  conspicuous. 

In  crevices  of  damp  or  dripping  rocks, 
preferably  limestone,  in  the  Rockies  up  to 
7000  feet  elevation;  not  common. 

Cheilanthes  Rootstock  creeping,  covered  with 
F£ei  Moore,  pale  rusty-brown  scales ;  stems 
Hairy  Lip  tufted,  wiry,  chestnut  brown, 
2-4  inches  long,  hairy;  leaves 
oblong-lanceolate  in  outline  4-9  inches  long, 
gradually  attenuate  to'  the  apex,  twice 
pinnate;  pinnules  somewhat  distant,  lance- 
olate-deltoid, acute,  deeply  pinnatifid  or 
incised,  more  or  less  covered  with  stiff 


Polypodiaceae  9 

hairs  and  usually  somewhat  glandular;  sori 
numerous,  covered  by  the  infolded  ends  of 
the  rounded  oblong  lobes. 

On  rocks  and  among  broken  stones  at  the 
lower  altitudes  of  the  eastern  Rockies;  grow- 
ing in  matted  masses. 

Asplenium  Rootstock  stout,  creeping,  chaffy 

viride  Huds.  with    brown    scales  ;    stems    nu- 

Green  merous,  densely  tufted,  brown- 

Spleenwort.  ish  beloWj  green  aDOve;  leaves 

linear-lanceolate,  2-8  inches  long,  once  pin- 
nate, pale  green,  with  12-20  pairs  of  ovate 
or  rhomboid,  crenate,  obtuse,  unequal-  sided 
pinnules;  sori  oblong,  numerous,  or  scattered. 
On  dry  rocks  and  slides,  frequent  through 
the  Rockies. 

Rootstock  creeping,  rather  slen- 
Asplenium 


Filix-foem- 

ina  (L.)  stems  tufted,  6-10  inches  long; 

Bemh.  straw-colored,  brownish  or  red- 

Lady  Fern.        d{^  ^^  scattered  brown  scales 

which  are  large  and  numerous  at  the  broad- 
ened base;  leaves  broadly  oblong-lanceolate, 


jo  Polypodiaceae 

pinnae  lanceolate,  acuminate,  4-8  inches  long; 
pinnules  lanceolate,  incised  or  serrate,  sori 
short,  the  indusia  straight  or  variously 
curved. 

In  moist  woods  and  thickets  throughout 
the  region  but  especially  in  the  Selkirks, 
being  a  common  fern  in  the  woods  in  the 
vicinity  of  Glacier. 

Polystichum  Rootstock  short,  stout,  and 
Lonchitis  densely  chaffy ;  stems  1-5  inches 
(L.)  Roth.  long,  bearing  large  dark-brown 
Holly  Fern.  ^\e$,  with  some  smaller  ones; 
leaves  rigid,  leathery,  and  evergreen,  nar- 
rowly lanceolate  in  outline,  once  pinnate; 
pinnae  broadly  lanceolate,  scythe-shaped, 
1-2  inches  long,  acute  or  acuminate  at  the 
apex,  with  an  ear-like  projection  on  the 
upper  side  at  the  base,  and  with  a  nearly 
straight  edge  on  the  lower,  densely  spiny- 
toothed  ;  sori  large,  nearer  the  margin  than 
the  midrib. 

In   large  tufts   among  rocks  throughout 
the  region. 


Polypodiaceae  1 1 

Rootstock    stout,   ascending,   or 
Dryopteris 

Filix-mas  erect,  chaffy;  stems  4-6  inches 
(L.)  Schott.  long,  very  chaffy  below;  leaves 
Male  Fern.  broadly  lanceolate,  acute  or 
acuminate  at  the  apex,  slightly  narrowed  at 
the  base,  1-3  feet  long,  rather  firm,  half 
evergreen,  pinnate  or, partly  2-pinnate;  pinnae 
lanceolate,  broadest  at  the  base,  gradually 
acuminate,  3-6  inches  long,  pinnatifid  almost 
to  the  rachis,  or  pinnately  divided  into 
oblong,  smooth  lobes;  sori  large,  borne  near 
the  margin,  more  numerous  on  the  lower 
halves  of  the  segments. 

In  rocky  woods  in  the   Selkirks  on  the 
lower  slopes  of  Mt.  Macdonald. 

Rootstock  stout,   chaffy;  stems 

6- 1 8  inches  long,  bearing  large 
spinulosa 

dilatata  brown  scales  with  dark  centres: 

(Hoffm.)  leaves  broadly  ovate  or  trian- 
Underw.  gular  ovate,  commonly  3-pin- 

ptn   ose         ^^^   pinnules  lanceolate-oblong, 
Shield  Fern. 

the  lowest  often  much  elongated ; 
sori     medium     size;     indusium     smooth. 
In    moist    woods    through    the    Selkirks, 


1 2  Polypodiaceae 

probably   the   most   abundant   fern   in   the 
vicinity  of  Glacier. 

Dryopteris       Rootstock   short,    erect   or   de- 
oreopteris         cumbent,     scaly;     stems     light 

<Sw.)  straw-colored,    2-6  inches   long, 

Maxon.  c,     .          -\ 

tutted,  copiously  scaly  through- 
out, with  light  brown  scales;  leaves  iJ-2 
feet  long,  rather  firm,  broadly-lanceolate, 
gradually  tapering  from  near  the  middle 
to  both  ends;  pinnae  2-3  inches  long,  deeply 
pinnatifid,  gradually  shorter  to  the  lowest 
which  are  more  distant,  broadly  triangular, 
and  less  than  an  inch  long;  segments  flat, 
oblong,  and  nearly  entire;  rachis  straw- 
colored,  densely  scaly  with  light  brown 
scales,  nearly  to  the  apex. 

In   the   Selkirks   on   the  moist  mountain 
slopes  and  rocky  ravines  at  Glacier. 

Woodsia  Rootstock  short,   creeping,   and 

scopulina  densely     chaffy;     ^^     b 

D.  c.  .baton.  i-i 

Rocky  darker  at  the  base,   2-4  inches 

Mountain        long»      glandular-hairy ;      leaves 
Woodsia.          mostly  glandular-hairy  through- 


Polypodiaceae  13 

out,  lanceolate,  6-12  inches  long,  tapering 
from  about  the  middle  to  both  ends  ;  pinnae 
numerous,  oblong-ovate,  pinnatifid  into  ob- 
long-toothed segments  ;  sori  nearly  marginal. 
In  crevices  in  the  rocks  and  among  broken 
stones  on  slides,  throughout  the  Rockies,  up. 
to  an  elevation  of  7000  feet;  frequent. 

Rootstock  short;  stems  smooth, 
Woodsia 

brownish  below.  Leaves  smooth, 


D.C.Eaton.  2-io  inches  long,  lanceolate; 
Oregon  pinnae  triangular,  oblong,  obtuse, 

Woodsia.  pinnatifid,  lower  ones  rounded 
and  somewhat  remote  from  the  others; 
rachis  straw-colored;  pinnules  oblong-ovate, 
dentate  or  crenate,  the  teeth  often  turned 
back  and  covering  the  submarginal  sori. 

Among  broken  stones  on  the  slides  near 
the  base  of  Mt.  Stephen  in  the  Rockies. 

Rootstock     short;     stems     4-8 
Filix  fragilis 
(L.)  Un-         inches  long,  leaves  thin,  smooth 

derw.  Brit-  throughout,  oblong-lanceolate, 
tie  Fern.  oniy  slightly  tapering  below, 
4-10  inches  long;  pinnate  or  2-3  pinnatifid; 


H  Equisetaceae 

pinnas  lanceolate-ovate,  irregularly  pinnati- 
fid  with  a  broad  central  space,  and  bluntly 
or  sharply  toothed  segments,  decurrent 
along  the  margined  or  winged  rachis;  sori 
small,  half  way  between  the  margin  and  the 
midrib;  indusium  narrow,  soon  withering. 

In  crevices  in  rocks  and  among  broken 
stones  throughout  the  Rockies. 

Filix  mon-  Rootstock  slender,  widely  creep- 
tana  (Lam.)  ing;  stipes  6-9  inches  long,  slen- 
Underw.  der;  leaves  deltoid-ovate,  3-4 
pinnate,  3-6  inches  broad,  the  lowest  pinnae 
triangular-lanceolate  and  much  larger,  their 
inferior  pinnules  i-ij  inches  long,  deeply  di- 
vided into  oblong  lobes,  deeply  toothed ;  sort 
numerous;  indusium  acute,  soon  withering. 
On  damp  mossy  banks  and  rocks  through- 
out the  Rockies;  not  common. 


EQUISETACE.E 
Horsetail  Family 
Green,  rush-like  plants  with  usually  hollow, 


Equisetaceae  1 5 

jointed,  simple  or  often  much  branched 
stems,  rising  from  subterranean  rootstocks; 
the  branches  verticillate. 

Leaves  reduced  to  toothed  sheaths;  spo- 
ranges  clustered  beneath  the  scales  of 
terminal,  cone-like  spikes. 

Equisetum  Stems  annual,  the  fertile  .ap- 
arvense  L.  pearing  in  early  spring  before 
Field  Horse-  the  sterile;  fertile  stems  4-10 
inches  high,  soon  withering, 
light  brown,  their  loose  sheaths  mostly  dis- 
tant, whitish,  ending  in  about  12  brown 
acuminate  teeth;  sterile  stems  green,  much 
branched  and  slender,  2  inches  to  2  feet  high 
with  numerous,  mostly  simple,  4-angled 
solid  branches  with  4-toothed  sheaths. 

In  moist  sandy  soil  throughout  the  region, 
frequent  in  wet  woods  and  swampy  places. 

Stems    annual,    the    fertile    ap- 
Equisetum 

sylvaticum  pearing  in  early  spring  before 
L.  Wood  the  sterile,  at  first  simple,  at 
Horsetail.  length  much  branched,  resem- 
bling the  sterile  except  in  the  withered  apex ; 


1 6  Equisetaceae 

stems  8-20  inches  high,  producing  verticillate 
compound  branches  which  are  curved  down- 
ward; sheaths  loose  and  cylindric,  those  of 
the  stem  whitish,  with  8-14  rather  blunt 
brown  teeth. 

In  moist  sandy  woods  and  thickets  in  the 
Selkirks,  not  common. 

Stems  annual,  all  alike,  2-4  feet 
Equisetum 

fluviatile  L.  high>  bluish  green,  smooth,  usu- 
Swamp  ally  producing  upright  branches 

Horsetail.  after  the  spores  are  formed; 
sheaths  appressed  with  about  18  dark  brown 
or  nearly  black,  short  acute  teeth. 

In  sloughs  and  shallow  ponds  throughout 
the  region,  frequent. 

Stems  stiff,  evergreen,   2-4  feet 
Equisetum 
byemale  L.      hi£h>  Toughf  8-34-furrowed,  the 

Common  ridges  with  two  distinct  lines 
Scouring-  of  tubercles ;  sheaths  rather  long, 
rush'  cylindric,  marked  with  one  or 

two  black  girdles,  teeth  dark  brown  or  nearly 
black  and  membranous,  soon  deciduous; 
spikes  tipped  with  a  rigid  point. 


Equisetaceae  17 

In  wet  places  and  on  banks  and  slides  in 
the  valley  of  the  Kicking  Horse  River. 

Stems   perennial,   slender,   ever- 
Equisetum  . 

variegatum  Sreen'  6~l8  lncheS  lonS'  r°USh' 
Schl.  Vari-  usually  simple  from  a  branched 
egated  base,  commonly  tufted,  5-10 

Equisetum.  f urrowe(j ;  sheaths  companulate, 
distinctly  4-keeled,  green  variegated  with 
black  above;  the  teeth  5-10,  each  tipped 
with  a  deciduous  bristle. 

In  moist,  sandy  soil  throughout  the  region 
up  to  an  elevation  of  7000  feet,  sometimes 
forming  large  patches. 

Equisetum  Stems  perennial,  evergreen,  very 
scirpoides  slender,  3-6  inches  long,  rough, 
Michx.  flexuous  and  curving,  growing 

in  tufts  closely  matted  to  the  ground,  mostly 
6-furrowed  with  acute  ridges,  simple  or 
branching  from  near  the  base ;  sheaths  black, 
with  three  membranous  rather  persistent 
bristle-tipped  teeth. 

On  moist  sandy  shaded  banks  throughout 
the  Rockies. 


1 8  Lycopodiaceae 

LYCOPODIACE^ 
Club-moss  Family 

Branching,  moss-like  plants  with  small 
lanceolate  or  subulate,  sometimes  oblong 
or  roundish  simple  leaves,  arranged  in  two 
or  many  ranks  on  trailing  or  sometimes 
erect,  usually  branched  stems. 

Sporanges  solitary  in  the  axils  of  the 
leaves  or  on  their  upper  surfaces. 

•    Stems  usually  yellowish  through- 
Lycopodium 

Selago  L.  oirt>  3~6  inches  high,  thick,  rigid, 
Fir  Club-  erect,  2-5  times  forked,  the 
moss.  branches  forming  a  level  topped 

cluster;  leaves  crowded,  uniform,  ascending, 
elongated,  lanceolate  with  a  spiny  tip,  the 
upper  mostly  8 -ranked  and  sterile,  those 
below  bearing  small  sporanges  in  their  axils, 
leaves  of  the  lower  half  of  the  stems  again 
sterile;  plant  propagated  also  by  enlarged 
bud-like  organs. 

Throughout  the  region  in  alpine  meadows 
and  slopes  above  6000  feet  elevation. 


Lycopodiaceae  19 

Lycopodium  StemS  much  branched>  Bender, 
annotinum  prostrate  and  creeping,  rather 
L.  Stiff  stiff,  1-4  feet  long,  the  branches 

Club-moss.  simiiarj  ascending  5-8  inches 
high,  sparingly  forked ;  leaves  uniform,  spread- 
ing, 5 -ranked,  rigid,  linear-lanceolate,  min- 
utely serrulate,  nerved  below,  spikes  solitary 
or  several  at  the  ends  of  the  branches,,  oblong, 
cylindric  i-i  J  inches  long,  composed  of  ovate 
or  ovate-cordate,  short  acuminate  and 
denticulate  bracts,  each  with  a  sporange 
in  its  axil. 

In  woods  throughout  the  region,  frequent. 

Stems  extensively  creeping,  1-4 

Lycopodium 

clavatum  L.  f66^  l°ng  wn^n  similar  short, 
Running  irregular  ascending  or  decum- 
Pine.  bent,  densely  leafy  branches; 

leaves  much  crowded,  many  ranked,  in- 
curved, linear-subulate,  bristle-tipped,  the 
lower  denticulate,  the  upper  nearly  entire  or 
slightly  decurrent  on  either  side;  spikes  1-4 
on  long  peduncles;  bracts  membranous, 
roundish,  and  irregularly  denticulate  below. 


20  Lycopodiaceae 

In  dry  woods  and  open  grounds,  rather 
rare  in  the  region,  observed  only  in  the 
Selkirks  around  Glacier  and  Roger's  Pass. 

Sterns  prostrate,  8— 1 2  inches  long, 
Lycopodium 

sitchensis         on  or  a  n'ttle  beneath  the  surface ; 
Rupr.  sending   up    frequent    branched 

Arctic  Club-  stems  which  form  compact 
masses  of  vertical,  compressed 
branches  2-3  inches  high,  with  occasional 
stronger,  spike-bearing  branches;  leaves  lan- 
ceolate with  a  broad  base,  spreading  and 
curving  upwards,  thick,  entire,  acute,  in  five 
rows  on  the  branchlets;  the  spikes  nearly 
sessile. 

On  grassy  alpine  slopes  6000  feet  and 
upwards  in  the  Selkirks,  especially  in  the 
region  about  Glacier. 

Stems  extensively  creeping,  with 
Lycopodium 
com  la  •         erect  or  ascending   remform  or 

natum  L.         fan-shaped      branches,      several 

Trailing          times  forked  above  with  crowded 

Christmas-       flattened       branchlets;       leaves 

minute,    overlapping,    flattened, 


Lycopodiaceae  2 1 

4-ranked,  the  lateral  row  with  somewhat 
spreading  tips;  peduncle  slender,  2-6  inches 
high,  forked,  bearing  2-4  linear-cylindric 
spikes,  bracts  broadly  ovate,  acuminate,  with 
pale  irregularly  cut  margins. 

In  mossy  woods  at  the  lower  altitudes, 
more  or  less  frequent  throughout  the  region, 
especially  in  the  Rockies. 

Lycopodium  Stems  P^strate,  8-20  inches 
alpinum  L.  long  on  or  near  the  surface  of 
Alpine  the  ground,  forming  numerous, 

Club-moss.  several  times  branched  clusters 
2-3  inches  high  with  glaucous  leaves,  and 
occasional  stouter,  compressed  spike-bearing 
stems,  extending  above  the  others;  leaves 
4-ranked,  erect,  flattened,  those  of  the  lateral 
rows  two  to  three  times  larger  than  those 
intermediate;  spikes  sessile,  few,  J-f  of  an 
inch  long. 

In  alpine  meadows,  on  slopes,  and  in  open 
woods  throughout  the  region  from  6000  feet 
upwards. 


22  Selaginellaceae 

SELAGINELLACE^J 

Selaginella  Family 

Moss-like  plants  with  branching  stems  and 
scale-like  leaves  which  are  many  ranked 
and  uniform,  or  4-ranked  and  of  two  types 
spreading  in  two  planes.  Sporanges  solitary 
in  the  axils  of  the  leaves  which  are  so  ar- 
ranged as  to  form  more  or  less  quadrangular 
spikes. 

Sterile     stems,     prostrate     and 

Selaginella  .  n         j     1      j         r 

creeping,  small  and  slender;  fer- 

selagmoides 

(L.)  Link.  ^e  stems  thicker,  ascending, 
Low  Selagi-  simple  1-3  inches  high;  leaves 
nella.  lanceolate,  acute,  spreading, 

sparsely  spinulose-ciliate ;  spikes  solitary  at 
the  ends  of  the  fertile  branches,  bracts  lax, 
ascending  lanceolate  or  ovate-lanceolate, 
strongly  fringed. 

A  light  green  moss-like  plant  growing  in 
wet  sandy  grounds  in  the  Rockies;  not 
infrequent. 


Pinaceae  23 

Selagineila  Densely  tufted  sterile  branches 
densa  very  short  and  crowded ;  leaves, 

Rydb.  densely  crowded,  many-ranked 

linear  or  needle-shaped  in  age,  slightly  flat- 
tened and  grooved  on  the  upper  side,  the 
margin  fringed,  tipped  with  a  white  bristle; 
fertile  branches  erect,  the  spikes  quad- 
rangular ^-f  of  an  inch  long,  bracts  folded 
together,  thick,  triangular-ovate,  fringed  on 
the  margin  and  tipped  with  a  white  bristle 
half  as  long  as  that  of  the  leaves. 

In  sterile  dry  ground  and  on  exposed  rocks 
throughout  the  region  from  the  bases  to  the 
tops  of  the  highest  mountains,  forming 
grayish-green  mats  on  the  ground. 


Pine  Family 

Resinous  trees  and  shrubs  mostly  with 
evergreen,  narrow,  entire  or  scale-like  leaves; 
the  pollen  sacks  and  ovules  borne  in  separate 
spikes;  fruit  a  cone  with  numerous,  several 


24  Pinaceae 

or  few,  woody,  papery  or  fleshy  scales,  some- 
times  berry-like;  seed  wingless  or  winged. 

Scales    of    the    fruit     numerous,     alternate;     leaf 
buds  scaly. 

Leaves  in  clusters. 

Clusters  ensheathed  at  the  base,  containing  2,  3,  or  5 

leaves.  Pinus. 

Clusters  not   ensheathed     at  the  base  containing 

many  leaves.  Larix. 

Leaves  solitary. 

Cones  erect ;  scales  deciduous.  Abies. 

Cones  pendent ;  scales  persistent. 

Branchlets  smooth;  bracts  3 -toothed. 

Pseudotsuga. 

Branchlets  roughened  by  the  persistent  leaf  bases. 

Leaves  petioled,  not  pungent.  Tsuga. 

Leaves  sessile,  pungent.  Picea. 

Scales  of  the  fruit  few,  opposite ;  leaf  buds  naked. 

Fruit  fleshy  and  berry-like.  Juniperus. 

Fruit  a  dry  cone.  Thuja. 

A  tree  20  or  30  feet  high  generally 
Pinus  albi- 

caulis  En-        with  a  short  trunk  2-4  feet  in 
gelm.  diameter,    stout,    very    flexible 

White-bark       branches,  often  standing  nearly 
erect     and     forming     an     open 
irregular  broad  head;  often  a  low  shrub  and 
nearly    prostrate    at    high    altitudes;    bark 


Pinaceae  25 

thin  with  creamy- white  plate-like  scales; 
leaves  stout,  rigid,  slightly  incurved,  clus- 
tered at  the  ends  of  the  branches  1^-2  J  inches 
long;  cones-  oval  or  subglobose  horizontal, 
sessile,  dark  purple,  1^-3  inches  long  with 
thickened  acute  scales. 

On  alpine  slopes  and  exposed  ridges  from 
5000  feet  elevation  upward,  occurring  oc- 
casionally in  the  Rockies,  but  frequent 
throughout  the  Selkirks  at  or  near  the  timber 
line. 


A  tree  40-80  feet  high  with 
Pinus  Mur-  «  c  .  1. 

a  trunk  1-3  feet  in  diameter, 
tayana 

Oreg.  Com.  slender,  strict;  branches  fre- 
Black  Pine,  quently  persistent  nearly  to  the 
Jack  Pine.  j^gg  of  the  stem,  somewhat 


pendulous  below,  ascending  near  the  top 
of  the  tree,  forming  a  pyramidal  spire- 
topped  head  ;  bark  thin,  close,  light  orange- 
brown  with  appressed  scales;  leaves  2  in  a 
a  bundle,  yellowish  green,  1-3  inches  long, 
stout;  cones  yellowish-brown  and  shining 
oval  to  sub-cylindric  oblique  at  the  base,  often 


26  Pinaceae 

clustered  f— 2  inches  long,  with  slightly  con- 
cave scales  with  slender  deciduous  prickles. 

The  most  abundant  tree  at  the  lower  alti- 
tudes throughout  the  Rockies,  frequently 
covering  vast  tracts,  and  rising  on  the  moun- 
tain sides  to  6000  feet  or  occasionally  higher. 

A  tree  usually  40-50  feet  high 
Lyallii  with  a  diameter  of  18-20  inches 

Parl.  and    remote,    elongated,    tough, 

Lyall's  persistent,  nearly  black  branches, 

with  prominent  winter  buds  with 
conspicuous  long  white  matted  hairs  fringing 
the  margins  of  their  scales  and  often  nearly 
concealing  the  buds;  bark  on  the  old  trunks 
J  to  |  of  an  inch  thick,  pale  gray,  divided 
into  shallow  irregular  plates;  leaves  many 
in  a  cluster,  4-angled,  slender,  blue-green 
i-ij  inches  long;  young  cones  showy  with 
dark  red  or  yellow-green  scales  and  dark 
purple  bracts;  when  mature,  ovate  iJ-2 
inches  long  with  reddish-purple  scales  and 
long  tipped  dark  purple  bracts. 

An    alpine  tree   occurring  with   more  or 


*     i 


Pinaceae  27 

less  frequency  throughout  the  Rockies 
from  Banff  to  Field,  from  6000  to  8000  feet 
elevation,  at  or  near  the  tree  limit,  often 
much  stunted  and  almost  shrub-like;  very 
abundant  on  the  mountain^  in  the  region 
about  Lake  Louise. 

A  tree  usually  40-100  feet   high 

Abies  lasio- 

caipa  w™  a  trunk  I-5  feet  m  diameter, 

(Hook)  short  crowded  tough  branches, 

Nutt.  Sub-  usually  slightly  pendulous  near 

alpine  Fir,  ^     bage     and     forming     dense 

Balsam  Fir. 

spire-like    slender    heads;    bark 

rough  on  the  older  trees,  with  thick,  ap- 
pressed,  cinnamon-red  scales;  leaves  pale 
blue-green  flat,  i— if  inches  long  on  the  lower 
branches,  rounded  or  notched  at  the  apex; 
on  the  upper  branches  thickened,  not  more 
than  J  an  inch  long,,  flattened  and  closely 
appressed  with  long  rigid  points;  cones, 
oblong-cylindric,  rounded,  truncate  or  de- 
pressed at  the  narrowed  apex,  dark  purple 
and  soft  hairy,  1^-4  inches  long  with  scales 
gradually  narrowed  from  the  broad  rounded 


28  Pinaceae 

apex  to  the  base,  about  3  times  as  long  as 
the  bracts. 

This  tree  the  Balsam  of  the  region  is  found 
throughout  on  the  higher  mountain  slopes 
and  summits,  frequently  forming  the  timber 
line  in  which  case  it  is  shrub-like  and  stunted. 

A  magnificent  tree  80-100  feet 
Pseudotsuga  high>  with  a  tnmk  2_3  feet  {n 

macronata  ,t       i 

(Raf)  diameter,    or  frequently  larger, 

Sudw.  with  slender  crowded   branches 

Douglas  and  long  pendulous  lateral  ones 

Spruce,  forming,  while  the  tree  is  young, 

Red  Fir. 

an  open  pyramid,  soon  decidu- 
ous from  the  trees  crowded  in  the  forest  and 
leaving  the  bare  trunk  naked  for  f  of  its 
height  and  surmounted  by  a  comparatively 
small,  narrow  head;  bark  on  the  young  trees, 
smooth,  dark  gray-brown  and  lustrous,  on 
the  old  trunks  several  inches  thick,  divided 
into  oblong  plates  broken  into  irregularly 
connected  ridges;  leaves  crowded,  yellowish- 
green,  straight  or  slightly  curved,  narrow, 
f-ij  inches  long,  obtuse  or  acute  at  the 


Pinaceae  29 

apex;  cones  pendent  on  long  stout  stems, 
2-4  J  inches  long,  with  thin  slightly  concave 
scales;  bracts  often  extending  half  an  inch 
beyond  the  scales. 

Throughout  the  Rockies  in  the  lower 
wooded  valleys,  the  handsomest  tree  of  this 
section  especially  when  young,  now  rather 
rare  in  the  mature  state  along  the  line  of 
the  railway,  but  may  be  so  seen  to  perfec- 
tion in  the  Yoho  and  some  of  the  other  out- 
lying valleys. 

A  tree  frequently  200  feet  high, 

het^rophylla  with  a  trunk  6~10  feet  in  diam~ 
(Raf.)  Sarg.  eter,  with  short  slender  usually 
Western  pendulous  branches  forming  a 

Hemlock.  narrow  pyramidal  head;  bark 
orange-brown,  thin  when  young,  an  inch 
or  more  thick  on  mature  trees  and  divided, 
into  broad  flat  ridges;  leaves  flat,  dark  green 
and  lustrous  on  the  upper  surface,  marked 
below  by  broad  white  bands;  cones  sessile, 
oblong  or  oval,  f-i  inch  long  with  few  yellow- 
ish-brown oblong  scales  abruptly  contracted 


30  Pinaceae 

at   the   middle   and    purplish     toward     the 
base. 
Abundant  throughout  the  Selkirks. 

Tree   usually   70-100   feet  high 

with  a  tapering  trunk  2-5  feet 
Mertensiana 

(Bong.)  in  diameter  and  gracefully  pen- 

Carr.  dent  slender  branches  and  droop- 

Mountain  jng    lateral    Qnes;    bark    g^sh 
Hemlock.  «          n 

and  scaly,  on  mature  trees  i-ij 
inches  thick  divided  into  rounded  ridges 
with  closely  appressed  cinnamon  scales; 
leaves  more  or  less  in  clusters,  standing  out 
all  over  the  sides  of  the  branches,  rounded, 
light  bluish-green  or  in  some  pale  blue  J-i 
inch  long;  cones  sessile,  cylindric,  oblong, 
narrowed  toward  the  blunt  apex  and  some- 
what toward  the  base,  pendulous,  1-3  inches 
long,  with  thin  scales  usually  as  broad  as 
long,,  with  slightly  thickened  or  erose  mar- 
gins, purplish-brown,  4  times  as  long  as  the 
sharp,  purple  bract. 

On  the  slopes  and  exposed  ridges  through 
the  Selkirks,  a  most  attractive  tree. 


V 
A 


Pinaceae  31 

A  tree  30-60  feet  high,  slender, 
bertiana  S  strict ;  twigs  smooth  and  shining 
Brown.  or  occasionally  glandular,  hairy, 

Alberta  but   never   glaucous,    yellowish- 

Spruce.  brown    when    young    becoming 

darker  with  age,  leaf -bases  long  and  stand- 
ing out  at  right  angles  from  the  stem; 
leaves  pale  blue  or  blue- green,  J— i  inch 
long,  nearly  straight  or  curved,  acute  or 
with  a  rigid  tip,  4-sided ;  cones  ovate  or  ob- 
long, bright  crimson  when  young,  at  maturity 
i-ij  inches  long  and  nearly  as  broad 
when  expanded,  scales  stiff  and  rigid,  broadly 
rounded  at  the  apex,  entire,  broader  than  long, 
cinnamon  brown  with  a  chestnut  edging;' 
bract  very  small  with  a  sharply  angular  tip. 
The  common  spruce  in  the  lower  valleys 
and  river  bottoms  throughout  the  Rockies. 

A  tree  often  150  feet  high  but 
PiceaEngel- 

usually    much    lower,    with    a 

manm 

(Parry)  trunk  reaching  4-5   feet  in   di- 

Engelm.          ameter ;  spreading  branches,  pro- 
Engelmann's      duced     ^     regular     whorls     and 

Spruce. 

forming  a  narrow  compact  py- 


32  Pinaceae 

ramidal  head,  and  gracefully  hanging  short 
lateral  branches ;  bark  when  mature  reddish- 
brown  and  broken  into  thin  scales;  leaves 
soft  and  flexible,  slender  or  slightly  incurved, 
stouter  on  the  fertile  branches,  J-iJ  inches 
long,  glaucous  when  young,  becoming  dark 
blue-green ;  cones  oblong-cylindric,  1-2  inches 
long,  lustrous,  light  chestnut  brown  with 
thin  flexible  wedge-shaped  scales,  with  erose- 
dentate  margins. 

On  the  higher  mountain  slopes  in  the 
Rockies,  but  much  lower  in  the  valleys  of 
the  Selkirks,  where  it  grows  to  a  great  size. 

.  erug         A   depressed   rigid   shrub,    with 
Siberica  many  slender,  decumbent  stems, 

Burgs.  curving  upward  and  forming  a 

Alpine  circular  mass  frequently  10  feet 

in  diameter  and  18  inches  high; 
bark  reddish-brown;  leaves  numerous  J-J 
an  inch  long,  awl-shaped,  rigid,  spreading 
nearly  at  right-angles  to  the  branches,  lin- 
ear-lanceolate, acute,  and  tipped  with  sharp, 
slender  points;  channelled  and  whitened 


c   <u 

I  § 


03 


a) 

^2 


Pinaceae  33 

above,  lustrous-green  beneath;  berry-like 
cones,  blue  and  glaucous,  subglobose  or 
oblong  about  i  of  an  inch  in  diameter. 

On  dry  hills  and  stony  slopes  throughout 
the  region. 

A  depressed,  creeping  shrub  sel- 
Juniperus 
prostrata          dom  more  than  a  foot  high,  with 

Pers.  spreading  branches;  bark  gray- 

Shrubby          ish-brown ;  leaves  scale-like,  ap- 

.Red  Cedar.        pressed>     4_ranked,    acute,     with 

a  short  spiny  point;  berry-like  cones,  light 
blue  and  glaucous,  a  third  of  an  inch  in 
diameter. 

On  dry  stony  ground  and  slopes  through- 
out the  Rockies. 

Thuja  A  tree  frequently  200  feet  high 

plicata  Don.  with  a  broad,  gradually  tapering 
Giant  Cedar,  buttressed  base  sometimes  15 
feet  in  diameter;  branches  short,  horizontal, 
usually  pendulous  at  the  ends,  bright  yellow- 
green  during  the  first  year,  becoming  reddish 
brown  and  lustrous;  bark  thin,  cinnamon- 


34-  Taxaceae 

red,  divided  into  broad  rounded  ridges  by 
shallow  fissures;  leaves  ovate,  long  pointed, 
\  of  an  inch  long  or  less;  cones  purplish- 
brown,  much  reflexed,  clustered  at  the  ends 
of  the  branches,  J  inch  long  with  6  oblong 
thin  leathery  scales  with  thickened  spine- 
bearing  tips. 

Occasionally  met  with  in  the  lower  valleys 
on  the  western  slope  of  the  Rockies;  be- 
coming an  immense  forest  tree  in  the  moist 
valleys  of  the  Selkirks  where  it  forms  a 
striking  feature  of  the  landscape. 


TAXACE.E 
Yew  Family 

Trees  or  shrubs  with  narrow  flat  evergreen 
or  deciduous  leaves  and  a  drupe-like  fruit. 

Taxus  brevi-  A  Sma11  straggling  tree  or  shrub 

folia  Nutt.  seldom  over  20  feet  high  and  up 

Western  to  12  inches  in  diameter;  bark 

Yew-  thin,  covered  with  greenish  pur- 


Araceae  35 

pie  scales;  leaves  about  J  an  inch  long, 
linear-lanceolate,  flat,  dark  yellowish-green 
above,  paler  below  with  stout  midribs  and 
rigid  points;  fruit  a  fleshy  crimson  disc 
J  of  an  inch  long  and  as  broad,  surroundr 
ing  the  hard,  nearly  black,  depressed 
seed. 

Occurs  locally  in   the   Selkirks,    forming 
much  of  the  underwood  on  Beaver  Creek. 


Arum  Family 

Smooth  perennial  herbs  with  tuberous  or 
.corn-like  rootstocks  and  mostly  basal,  large 
showy  leaves;  flowers  small  and  numerously 
crowded  on  a  spadix  which  is  generally 
surrounded  or  subtended  by  a  simple  showy 
leaf -like  organ  called  a  spathe. 

A  very  numerous  family  found  mostly  in 
the  tropics  and  represented  in  our  region 
by  but  a  single  species. 


36  Melanthaceae 

A    stemless    marsh    plant    with 
Lysichiton         j  j  f     t  ,  g 

.     kamtschat-  *  >'  / 

cense  (L )        inches  wide,  oblong  or  oblong- 

Schott.  lanceolate,  acute,  narrowed  be- 

We stem  jOw  into  a  short  petiole.    Flowers 

Skunk  Cab-  appearing  before  the  ieaves; 
bage. 

spathe    yellow    with    a    broad 

acute  blade  2-6  inches  long,  narrowed  below 
to  a  sheathing  petiole  3-10  inches  long; 
spadix  2-4  inches  long,  densely  flowered,  on 
a  stout  peduncle  8  inches  or  more  long. 

In  wet  and  marshy  spots  through  the 
Selkirks.  Very  abundant  near  Bear  Creek 
Station  on  the  railway,  flowering  in  early 
spring. 


MELANTHACEAE 

• 
Bunch-Flower  Family 

Lily-like  plants  with  leafy  stems,  usually 
with  tufts  of  grass-like  leaves  at  the  base 
and  rootstocks  or  occasionally  bulbs. 

The  flowers  small  and  distinctly  6-parted, 


Melanthaceae  37 

with  the  same  number  of  stamens  and  three 
styles ;  the  flowers  grow  in  close  heads  at  the 
top  of  the  stems. 


Anthers,  i -celled. 

Leaves  broad,  petioles  sheathing.  Veratrum. 

Leaves  grass-like. 

Flowers  erect  with  a  gland  at  the  base  of  each 
petal.  Zygadenus. 

Flowers  nodding,  petals  without  glands. 

Stenanthella. 
Anthers,  2 -celled.  Tofieldia. 


Stem  2-8  feet  high,  very  leafy, 
Veratrum 
viride  Ait        s°ftly    hairy    especially    above. 

American         Leaves  dark  green  above,  paler 
White  and  hairy  beneath,  prominently 

Hellebore.  veiny  and  sheathing  at  the  base, 
oval  or  elliptic,  acute,  6-12  inches  long, 
3-6  inches  broad,  the  upper  becoming  suc- 
cessively narrower.  Flowers  yellowish-green, 
numerous  in  a  spreading  head  often  2  feet 
long,  with  drooping  branches;  perianth  seg- 
ments oblong  or  oblanceolate,  acute,  J— J 
an  inch  long,  twice  as  long  as  the  stamens. 
In  swamps  and  on  moist  slopes  and  stream 


38  Melanthaceae 

borders  throughout  the  region,  frequently 
growing  in  great  masses.  In  the  Rockies 
it  seldom  grows  below  6000  feet  elevation, 
but  is  found  much  lower  in  the  moist  valley 
of  the  Selkirks. 


Zygadenus  Ver^  glaucous  throughout,  with 

elegans  a  cluster  of  narrow,   grass-like 

Pursh.  Tall  leaves  5—10  inches  long  and  J 

Zygadenus. 


ous  root;  stem  whitish-green  or  purplish,  1-2 
feet  high,  with  scattered,  purple,  leaf  -like 
bracts  and  an  open  head  of  flowers  4-12 
inches  long;  flowers  greenish-  white,  open,  |  an 
inch  or  more  across  the  six  petals  and  sepals 
with  a  large,  bright  green  gland  at  the  base  ; 
stamens  6,  erect,  forming  a  central  column, 
anthers  scarlet  on  the  opening  of  the  bud, 
changing  to  yellow;  styles  3. 

Throughout  the  Rockies  up  to  6000  or 
7000  feet  elevation,  in  all  kinds  of  situations 
and  soils,  a  most  attractive  plant  worthy 
of  a  place  in  the  flower-garden,  blossoming 
during  midsummer. 


1 
S> 


Melanthaceae  39 

Zygadenus  ^  slender,  yellowish-green  plant 
gramineus  8-12  inches  high,  from  an  elon- 

Grass-iike  &ated  ovoid  bulb-  Leaves  nar- 
Zygadenus.  row  and  grass-like,  rough  on 
the  margins  and  midribs,  all  with  sheaths 
around  the  stem.  Flowers  light  yellow,  \ 
of  an  inch  broad  in  a  compact  head  2-3 
inches  long;  stamens  exserted,  anthers  yellow. 
On  open  grassy  hill-sides  in  the  Rockies 
from  Banff  to  Castle  Mountain,  flowering 
in  June. 

Stenanthella  Smooth  I2~l8  inches  hiSh  from 
occidentalis  a  bulbous  base.  Leaves  2-3 
(A.  Gray)  from  the  same  root,  8-10  inches 

Rydb.  long,  J  an  inch  broad,  spreading. 

Stenthium. 

Flowers  6-20,  greenish  purple, 
J  an  inch  long,  open,  drooping,  in  a  simple 
slender  head;  sepals  and  petals  3  each,  with 
recurved  tips;  stamens  6,  included. 

In  moist  woods  throughout  the  Rockies, 
growing  in  moss;  the  dark  green,  widely 
spreading  leaves  and  wand-like  stem  of 
drooping  bell-like  flowers,  making  a  graceful 


40  Melanthaceae 

and  attractive  plant  during  early  summer. 

Low  with  numerous  tufted  grass- 
Tofieldia 

palustris  like    leaves     J~2     inches    long. 

Huds.  Flowers  6-parted,  minute,  green- 

Scottish  ish-white  in  a  compact  oblong 

Asphodel.  of  a 


gated  in  fruiting;  stamens  6;  anthers  yellow 
not  exceeding  the  perianth;  head  of  flowers 
borne  on  a  slender,  smooth  stem  3-7  inches 
high. 

Abundant  throughout  the  Rockies  in 
damp  sandy  or  gravelly  ground,  on  the 
flood-plains  and  banks  of  rivers  and  streams 
and  on  the  gravelly  shores  of  lakes  and 
ponds;  flowering  in  June. 

Plant  with  a  cluster  of  grass-like 
Tofieldia 

intermedia  leaves>     3~8    inches    long    and 

Rydb.  about     J     of     an    inch     broad, 

False  yellowish-green,  from  an  oblique 

Asphodel.  and  chaffy  rootstock.     Flowers 

few,  less  than  J  of  an  inch  long,  pale  yellow, 
6-parted,  on  very  short  pedicels;  stamens  6, 


a  Stenanthella  occidentalis    (A.   Gray)    Rydb. 
Stenanthium. 

6    Clintonia  uniflora    Kunth.     Clintonia.     (%    Nat.) 


Liliaceae  41 

slightly  excerted,  with  purple  anthers;  the 
whole  in  a  compact  head  about  J  an  inch 
long,  on  a  stem  8—  10  inches  high,  with 
sticky  hairs  near  the  top. 

Frequent  throughout  the  region  at  an  alti- 
tude of  4000  to  5000  feet,  in  wet  open  situa- 
tions with  shallow  soil;  flowering  in  June. 

Similar  to   the    preceding    but 

Tofieldia  readily     distinguished      by     its 

occidental  tgller  gtem  and  mQre  Q  head 
S.  Wats. 

Western  flowers,    with    longer    sepals 

Fdlse-As-  and  pedicels,  which  are  twice 
phodel.  as  long  in  each  case. 

In  the  Selkirks  only,  but  frequent  there 
in  the  bogs  around  Roger's  Pass. 


Lily  Family 

Plants  with  bulbs  or  corms  but  never 
rootstocks;  leaves  either  at  the  base  or  in 
whorls  or  pairs  on  the  stem;  the  flowers 
brightly  coloured,  frequently  large,  borne 


42  Liliaceae 

singly  or  in  clusters  at  the  summit  of  the 
frequently  naked  stem,  the  six  parts  though 
usually  distinct,  sometimes  more  or  less 
united  into  a  tube ;  stamens  6 ;  stigma  3-lobed. 

Bracts  of  the  inflorescence  thin  and  transluscent. 

Allium. 
Bracts  of  the  inflorescence  leaf-like  or  none. 

Bulbs  scaly.  Lilium. 

Bulbs  corm-like.  Erythronium. 

Plant  12-15  inches  high  with 
recurvatum  an  ODnclue  base  from  an  oblong- 
Rydb.  ovoid  bulb.  Leaves  narrow  and 

Wild  Onion,     grass-like,  6-8  inches  long,  thick 

and  half  rounded  on  the  back, 
the  old  ones  persistent  and  forming  a  mat 
at  the  surface  of  the  ground.  Flowers  num- 
erous, on  slender  pedicels,  in  a  nodding 
terminal  head ;  sepals  and  petals  J  of  an  inch 
long,  elliptic-ovate  and  obtuse,  rosy  pink 
with  a  darker  mid-vein;  stamens  and  styles 
exserted,  anthers  pale  yellow. 

Frequent  throughout  the  Rockies  on  dry 
grassy  or  stony  slopes  and  slides;  flowering 
in  June. 


s  § 

o   c 


Liliaceae  43 

Allium  Stem  1-2  feet  high  from  a  nar- 

sibericumL.  rowly  ovoid  bulb,  with  a  single, 
Northern  elongated,  round,  hollow,  basal 
leaf  and  i  or  2  similar  leaves  on 
the  stem.  Flowers  numerous  in  a  compact 
round  head;  the  sepals  and  petals  about  J 
an  inch  long,  slender,  with  a  tapering  tip, 
bright  rose-purple  with  a  darker  midvein: 
stamens  much  shorter  than  the  perianth 
segments. 

Not    infrequent    in    moist    open    places 
throughout  the  Rockies;  flowering  in  July. 

Stem  1 2-1 8  inches  high,  rather 
Lilmm 

montanum.  stout,  from  a  depressed  globose 
A.  Nelson  bulb  an  inch  in  diameter.  Leaves 

alternate  except  the  uppermost 
Lily. 

which  are  in  a  whorl  of  5-7,  dark 

green  above,  paler  beneath,  minutely  rough- 
ened on  the  edges,  lanceolate,  tapering  but 
slightly  toward  the  sessile  base.  Flowers 
erect  usually  one,  but  sometimes  several,  on 
a  stem;  sepals  and  petals  2j  inches  long, 
somewhat  spreading,  elliptic-oblong,  tapering 


44  Liliaceae 

gradually  toward  both  ends,  the  base  con- 
tracted into  a  claw,  which  is  less  than  J  the 
length  of  the  blade;  blade  reddish-orange  on 
the  inner  face,  paler  near  the  base,  which  is 
dotted  with  numerous  purplish-black  spots; 
outer  face  less  brilliant,  largely  suffused  with 
green ;  stamens  and  stigma  purplish. 

Frequent  throughout  the  Rockies  on  the 
edges  of  woods  and  in  the  lower  river  valleys ; 
very  abundant  in  early  July  in  the  valley  of 
the  Lower  Kicking  Horse  and  Columbia 
rivers  from  Golden  to  Donald. 

A  foot  or  more  high  from  a  deep- 
Erythron- 

,.       rooted,     slender,     membranous- 
mm  grandi- 

florum  coated  corm.     Leaves   2   or  oc- 

Pursh.  casionally    3,    opposite   or   in   a 

Snow  Lily.  whorl>  broaclly  lanceolate,  ob- 
tuse, 6-8  inches  long,  2-3  inches  wide, 
unequal,'  dull  and  glaucous  green.  Flowers 
1-6,  nodding,  bright  yellow,  sepals  and 
petals  lanceolate  2  inches  long,  tapering  to 
a  slender,  strongly  reflexed  tip;  stamens 
exserted,  anthers  yellow  or  purplish-brown. 


Erythronium  grandiflorum  Pursh.     (%    Nat.) 
Snow  Lily. 


Convallariaceae  45 

This  beautiful  lily  is  frequent  on  the  slides 
and  mountain  slopes  throughout  the  region 
at  an  elevation  of  5000  feet  or  higher,  ap- 
pearing immediately  after  the  snows  have 
melted,  and  lasting  but  a  short  time.  It  may 
be  found  flowering  according  to  the  elevation 
and  condition  of  the  snow,  from  May  through- 
out the  summer.  The  plant  has  derived  its 
common  name  no  doubt  from  its  habit  of 
blooming  so  close  to  the  melting  snows. 
Where  the  plant  occtirs  it  is  usually  found  in 
great  numbers  during  the  brief  flowering 
period. 


CONVALLARIACE.E 
Lily -oj -ike-Valley  Family 

Resembling  the  lilies,  sometimes  with 
naked  but  usually  leafy  stems,  and  simple 
or  branched,  frequently  creeping  rootstocks, 
flowers  usually  small  and  variously  disposed 
on  the  stem,  either  scattered  in  the  axils  of 
the  leaves  or  in  terminal  clusters,  or  occasion- 


46  Convallariaceae 

ally  solitary  on  a  naked  stem;  either  4-  or  6- 
parted,  regular,  perfect;  stamens  6. 

Plant  producing  but  one  flower.  Clintonia. 

Plant  producing  several  flowers. 

Flowers  in  a  raceme  or  panicle.       .  Vagnera. 

Flowers  in  an  umbel  or  solitary. 

Flowers  terminal  on  the  branches.  Disporum. 

Flowers  axillary. 

Perianth  narrowly  campanulate.          Streptopus. 
Perianth  rotate.  Kruhsea. 

More  or  less  hairy   throughout, 
Clintonia 

uniflora  Wltil  *  to  3  or  4  dark  green  leaves, 

(Schult.)  4-8  inches  long  and  1-2  inches 

Kunth.  wide,  oblong-lanceolate  with  an 

Clintonia.  abrupt  tip>  and  tapering  at  the 

U  base  to  sheathing  petioles,  from  a  creeping 

underground  stem  2-3  inches  long.  Flower- 
w>     ^ 

stem  shorter  than  the  leaves  with  one  or 

rarely  two  blossoms  which  are  pure  white, 
very  open,  6-parted;  sepals  and  petals  f— 
•f  inch  long,  oblanceolate,  obtuse;  stamens 
6,  shorter  than  the  petals,  anthers  yellow. 

In    rich,     moist    woods    throughout    the 
region. 


I 

t 


Convallariaceae 


47 


Vagnera 
stellata   (L.) 
Morong. 
Star- 
flowered 
Solomon's 
Seal. 


Glaucous  throughout,  8-20 
inches  high,  smooth  or  with 
a  few  short  hairs,  leafy  from  a 
stout  fleshy  root;  leaves  al- 
ternate, 2-5  inches  long,  lan- 
ceolate or  oblong-lanceolate, 
acuminate,  with  a  clasping  base, 
smooth  and  bright  green  above,  glaucous 
and  minutely  hairy  beneath.  Flowers  white, 
several  forming  a  rather  open  terminal  head. 
1-2  inches  long;  petals  and  sepals  narrow,  \ 
to  f  of  an  inch  long;  stamens  6,  about  half 
their  length,  anthers  nearly  white. 

Common  throughout  the  region  in  moist 
words  and  thickets;  flowering  through  June 
and  July. 


Vagnera 
amplexi- 
caulis 

(Nutt.) 
Greene. 
False  Solo- 
mon's Seal. 


Tall,  stout,  and  leafy,  18-30 
inches  high,  from  a  fleshy  root- 
stock;  stem  striate  and  slightly 
hairy  especially  near  the  top; 
leaves  alternate,  sessile  or  short- 
petioled,  ovate  or  oblong,  3-7 
inches  long,  1^-3  inches  broad, 


48  Convallariaceae 

short,  acuminate,  often  with  a  twisted  tip. 
Flowers  small,  yellowish-white  in  a  close 
terminal  head  ij~3j  inches  long;  petals  and 
sepals  minute,  .about  TV  of  an  inch  long; 
stamens  6,  the  filaments  petaloid  and  about 
|  of  an  inch  long,  anthers  yellowish  white. 

Common    throughout    the    region    in    the 
moist  rich  woods;  flowering  during  June. 

Plant  1-3  feet  high,  from  a  short, 
Streptopus 

stout  rootstock,  covered  with 
amplexi- 

folius  (L.)  numerous  fibrous  roots;  stem 
DC.  Tall  glaucous,  usually  branching  be- 
Twisted-  low  the  middle,  smooth  above 
and  covered  with  stiff  hairs 
below.  Leaves  alternate,  ovate-lanceolate, 
2-5  inches  long,  1-2  inches  wide,  acuminate, 
smooth,  bright  green  above,  glaucous  be- 
neath, heart-shaped  and  clasping  at  the 
base.  Flowers  numerous,  i  or  2  on  a 
stem  at  the  back  of  each  of  the  upper 
leaves,  stem  bent  or  twisted  about  the 
middle;  sepals  and  petals  greenish-white  or 
yellowish,  narrowly  lanceolate  about  J  an 


Convallariaceae 


49 


inch  long,  spreading  and  turned  back  at  the 
tips ;  berry  J-f  of  an  inch  in  diameter,  globose, 
yellow  or  bright  scarlet, 

A  rather  striking  plant  throughout  the 
region  in  the  moist  rich  woods  among  rocks ; 
flowering  in  June. 


Streptopus 
curvipes 

A.  M.  Vail. 
Smaller 
Twisted- 
stalk. 


Plant  6-24  inches  high,  smooth 
except  the  flower-stalks  and 
margins  of  the  leaves,  simple  or 
slightly  branched  from  a  slender 
creeping  rhizome,  with  a  few 
fibrous  rootlets  at  the  nodes. 
Leaves  yellowish-green,  sessile,  oval  or  ob- 
long-lanceolate, 1-3  inches  long,  acuminate 
at  the  tip  and  rounded  or  more  or  less  clasp- 
ing at  the  base,  the  margins  more  or  less 
scatteringly  glandular-hairy.  Flowers  few  at 
the  backs  of  the  upper  leaves,  solitary  on 
glandular-hairy,  curved  stalks  J-f  of  an 
inch  long;  sepals  and  petals  pale  purple  or 
rose  colour,  darker  spotted  on  the  inner  sur- 
face, slender,  slightly  more  than  J  of  an 
inch  long;  anthers  beaked,  the  beaks  slender; 


50  Convallariaceae 

berry  globose,  about  f  of  an  inch  in  diameter, 
bright  red. 

In  the  damp  woods  in  the  Selkirks, 
frequent,  growing  in  colonies  and  spreading 
largely  by  the  creeping  rhizomes. 

Smooth  and  simple,  3-6  inches 
Kruhsea 

strepto-  hign>  from  an  extensively  creep- 

poides  ing  rhizome,  with  a  few  fibrous 

(Ledeb.)          roots  at  each  node.     Leaves  4-8, 

bright  green  and  shining  on  both 
Kruhsea. 

surfaces,  ovate-lanceolate,  acute, 
1-2  inches  long,  the  upper  merely  sessile,  the 
lower  clasping  at  the  base.  Flowers  few, 
about  J  of  an  inch  in  width,  stellate  and 
solitary  on  very  slender,  curved  stalks  about 
|  of  an  inch  long  in  the  axils,  at  the  backs 
of  the  upper  leaves;  sepals  and  petals  deep 
wine-colour  at  the  base,  with  yellowish- 
green  reflexed  tips;  stamens  6,  anthers  ovoid, 
2-lobed,  yellow  and  prominent,  slightly  below 
the  centre  of  the  sepals  and  petals;  ovary 
broadly  urn-shaped ;  style  none ;  berry  nearly 
globose  at  maturity  and  bright  red. 


Convallariaceae  51 

Known  only  in  the  Selkirks  where  it  occurs 
in  colonies  of  considerable  size  in  the  rich 
woods  at  Glacier;  flowering  in  the  middle  of 
June. 

_.  Stem     1-3     feet     high,     much 

Disporum 

Oreganum  branched  and  finely  hairy  above. 
(S.  Wats.)  Leaves  yellowish-green  when 

B.  and  H.  young,  becoming  darker  with 
Disporum. 

age,  ovate  or  oblong,  acuminate, 

distinctly  heart-shaped  at  the  base,  2-4 
inches  long,  hairy,  especially  beneath. 
Flowers  appearing  as  the  leaves  unfold 
greenish-yellow  or  nearly  white,  drooping 
i  or  2  together  at  the  ends  of  the  branches ; 
sepals  and  petals  spreading  half  an  inch  or 
more  in  length,  lanceolate  and  narrowed  at 
the  base  into  a  broad  claw ;  stamens  exserted, 
anthers  yellow;  style  simple,  larger  than  the 
stamens;  berry  ovate,  half  an  inch  in  diam- 
eter, smooth  or  nearly  so  when  ripe,  bright 
red  and  few-seeded. 

In  moist  rich  woods  throughout  the  region, 
most  abundant  on  the  western  slope  of  the 


52  Iridaceae 

Rockies  and  in  the  Selklrks ;  flowering  in  June. 

Plant  1-2  feet  high  with  few 

Disporum  . 

branches,  hairy  when  young. 
majus 

(Hook).  Leaves    ovate    or   oblong-lance- 

Britton.  olate,  acute  or  short,  acuminate, 

Large  rounded  at  the  base.     Flowers 

greenish-yellow  or  nearlv  white, 
Disporum. 

1-3  together  at  the  ends  of  the 
branches;  sepals  and  petals  not  spreading, 
half  an  inch  or  less  in  length,  narrowly  ob- 
long or  oblanceolate,  stamens  about  equal- 
ling the  sepals  and  petals ;  style  slightly  longer 
than  the  stamens,  3 -cleft;  berry  a  little  less 
than  half  an  inch  in  diameter,  depressed, 
globose,  and  roughened  with  short  papillas. 
In  rich  woods,  most  abundant  on  the 
eastern  slopes  of  the  Rockies ;  flowering  early 
in  June. 

IRIDACE^S 
Iris  Family 
Perennial    herbs    with    narrow    2-ranked, 


Orchidaceae  53 

grass-like  leaves  and  mostly  clustered,  per- 
fect flowers,  subtended  by  bracts;  perianth 
of  6  segments,  rolled  together  in  the  bud, 
stamens  3,  inserted  on  the  perianth  opposite 
its  outer  series  of  lobes ;  filaments  slender,  dis- 
tant or  united;  anthers  facing  upward. 

_.     .  Growing    in    small    tufts,    4-10 

Sisyrin- 

chium  inches     high,      pale,     glaucous, 

septentri-  Leaves  stiff  and  very  slender 
onale  Bick-  about  half  the  iength  of  the  taller 

nell.   Blue-  ...  ,.  , 

e  ed  Grass       scaPes>     equalling    the     shorter 

ones.  Spathe  small  purplish  or 
green,  often  partly  double  and  enclosing  3  or 
4  small  bright  violet-blue  flowers,  less  than 
half  an  inch  broad,  on  erect  pedicels. 

Throughout  the  Rockies  in  open  moist 
ground  at  the  lower  elevations;  flowering  in 
June. 

ORCHIDACE.E 
Orchid  Family 
Perennial    herbs,    with    corms,    bulbs,   or 


54  Orchidaceae 

tuberous  roots,  sheathing  entire  leaves,  some- 
times reduced  to  scales,  the  flowers  perfect, 
irregular,  bracted,  solitary,  spiked  or  racemed. 
Perianth  superior  of  6  segments,  the  3  outer 
(sepals)  similar  or  nearly  so,  2  of  the  inner 
ones  (petals)  lateral,  alike;  the  third  inner 
one  (lip)  dissimilar,  often  markedly  so,  usu- 
ally larger  and  often  spurred;  stamens  and 
style  variously  arranged.  An  extensive 
family  with  great  diversity  of  flower  form, 
and  habit  of  growth.  Most  abundant  in  the 
tropics,  represented  in  the  region  as  follows: 

Perfect  anthers  2 ;  lip  large,  sac-like.  Cypripedium. 
Perfect  anther  i. 

Plants  saprophytic,  without  green  herbage. 

Corallorhiza. 
Plants  with  ordinary  green  herbage. 

Flower  and  leaf  solitary ;  root  bulbous.     Cytherea. 
Flowers  several  to  many  in  racemes. 
Leaf  only  i. 

.    Flowers  white  with  purple  spots.  Orchis. 

Flowers  greenish.  Lysiella. 

Leaves  only  2,  cauline.  Ophrys. 

Leaves  more  than  2. 

Stem  leaves  reduced  to  bracts. 

Basal  leaves  white  veined.  Peramium. 

Stem  leaves  not  reduced  to  bracts. 


a  Cypripedium  passerinum  Rich.     Small  White  Lady's-Slipper. 

(%   Nat.) 
b  Cypripedium  parviflorum  Salisb.  Small  Yellow  Lady's-Slipper. 


Orchidaceas 


55 


Flowers  not  spirally  arranged. 

Glands  surrounded  by  a  thin  membrane. 

Coeloglossum. 

Glands  naked.  Limnorchis. 

Flowers  spirally  arranged.  Ibidium. 


Cypripedium 

passerinum 

Rich. 

Small  White 

Lady's 

Slipper. 


Stem  8-10  inches  high  from 
a  decumbent  base,  leafy,  hairy 
throughout.  Leaves  4  or  5, 
lanceolate,  acuminate,  veiny,  3-4 
inches  long,  yellowish-green,  and 
clasping  at  the  base.  Flowers  solitary,  small ; 
lip  obovate,  inflated  half  an  inch  long,  white, 
spotted  with  purple  inside,  particularly  near 
the  base;  sepals  greenish,  shorter  than  the 
lip,  the  upper  forming  a  sort  of  hood;  the 
lateral  petals  white,  oblong-lanceolate, 
obtuse,  half  an  inch  long,  spreading. 

In  damp  shaded  situations,  frequent  in  the 
Rockies;  flowers  in  July. 


Cypripedium 
parviflorum 

Salisb. 
Small  Yel- 
low Lady's 
Slipper. 


Stem  1-2  feet  high,  slender,  and 
leafy.  Leaves  elliptic  or  lanceo- 
late, 2-6  inches  long,  1-2 1  inches 
wide,  yellowish-green,  veiny, 
scatteringly  hairy.  Flowers 


56  Orchidaceae 

usually  solitary,  bright  yellow;  lip  inflated, 
curved,  an  inch  or  more  long,  spotted  and 
blotched  inside  with  purple;  sepals  and 
petals  longer  than  the  lip,  laterals  twisted, 
iJ-2  inches  long,  lanceolate  with  an  atten- 
uate tip,  yellowish  green  or  sometimes 
purplish. 

Not  uncommon  in  the  Rockies  in  moist 
ground,  very  abundant  on  the  torrent  fan 
among  loose  stones  at  the  head  of  Emerald 
Lake ;  flowering  in  June. 

Corallorhiza  Stem  smooth,  greenish  yellow  or 
Corallorhiza  purplish;  4-12  inches  high  from 
(L.)  Karst.  a  mass  of  coral-like  roots. 
Early  Coral-  Leaves  absent  but  represented 
by  2-5  closely  sheathing  scales. 
Flowers  3-12  in  a  head  1-3  inches  long; 
sepals  and  petals  slender,  J  of  an  inch  long, 
yellowish  or  dull  purplish;  lip  not  quite  as 
long  as  the  petals,  white  or  whitish,  oblong, 
nearly  entire  or  slightly  notched  at  the  apex, 
2 -toothed  at  the  base,  occasionally  with 
purple  spots. 


S  w 

i  e 

-s  * 

•g  s 

W  J> 


Orchidaceae  57 

Frequent  in  woods  in  the  Rockies  especially 
those  of  the  "Jack  Pine,"  flowering  in  May 
and  early  June. 

Stems  8-20  inches  high,  purplish, 
Corallorhiza 
multiflora         with    several    appressed    scales. 

Nutt.  Flowers    10-30   in    a   head    2-8 

Large  Coral-  inches  long,  brownish  purple  J- 
|  of  an  inch  long;  sepals  and 
petals  linear-lanceolate,  about  J  of  an  inch 
long;  lip  white,  spotted  and  lined  with 
purple,  oval  in  outline,  deeply  3-lobed,  the 
middle  lobe  broadest;  spur  manifest  and 
yellowish. 

Not  infrequent  in  the  rich  woods  in  the 
Selkirks;  flowering  in  late  summer. 

Cytherea  Stem  3~6  inches  high,  purplish, 
bulbosa  (L.)  from  a  bulb  nearly  half  an  inch 
House.  in  diameter.  Leaf  solitary,  dark, 

Calypso.  lustrous  green,  i-ij  inches  long, 
round,  ovate,  obtusely  pointed  at  the  apex, 
rounded  or  somewhat  heart-shaped  at  the 
base,  deeply  veined.  Flower  solitary,  nod- 


58  Orchidaceae 

ding,  an  inch  long,  rosy  purple  variegated 
with  pink  and  yellow;  petals  and  sepals, 
linear,  erect  or  spreading,  half  an  inch  or 
more  long  with  longitudinal  purple  lines;  lip 
}  of  an  inch  long,  sac-like  and  spreading, 
divided  into  two  below,  with  a  prominent 
patch  of  yellow  hairs  near  the  point  of 
division. 

This  charming  little  orchid,  by  far  the  most 
dainty  of  any  found  in  the  region,  is  frequent, 
growing  in  deep  moss  on  the  shaded  slopes  of 
the  Rockies ;  very  fragrant,  flowering  in  early 
June. 

Plant  slender,  8-10  inches  high 
Orchis 

rotundifolia  Wlth  °ne  leaf  near  the  baSe» 
Pursh.  varying  from  nearly  orbicular 

Round-  to  oval,    1^-3   inches  long,   1-2 

leaved  inches    wide,    sheathing   at   the 

Orchid. 

base.  Spike  2-8  flowered; 
flowers  half  an  inch  or  more  long;  lateral 
sepals  spreading,  somewhat  longer  than  the 
petals,  petals  and  sepals  oval,  rose-colour;  lip 
white,  purple-spotted,  longer  than  the  petals, 


a  Cytherea  bulbosa  (L.)  House.  (%  Nat.) 

Calypso. 
b    Orchis    rotundifolia    Pursh.     Small    Round-Leaved    Orchid. 


Orchidaceae  59 

three-lobed,  the  middle  longest,  dilated  and 
two-lobed  or  notched  at  the  tip ;  spur  slender, 
shorter  than  the  lip. 

This  beautiful  little  orchid  is  abundant 
throughout  the  Rockies  in  cool  mossy  spots 
and  rich  woods;  flowering  in  June. 

Plant  6-8  inches  high  from  a 
Lysiella  short  thick  rootstock;  stem 

obtusata 

(Pursh.)          naked  with  a  single  obovate  or 

Rydb.  oblong  leaf  at  the  base   ij-2j 

Small  inches   long,  J-iJ  inches   wide, 

ort   rn         obtuse.     Flowers  few  in  a  slender 

Bog-orchid. 

spike,  yellowish-green ;  upper 
sepal  round,  ovate,  erect,  surrounding  the 
broad  column;  lateral  sepals  reflexed  and 
spreading;  petals  lanceolate,  smaller;  lip 
entire,  linear-lanceolate,  and  deflexed;  spur 
slightly  curved  especially  at  the  tip,  shorter 
than  the  ovary. 

Frequent  throughout  the  Rockies  in  the 
lower  valleys,  in  cool  shaded  spots  growing 
in  moss,  on  the  borders  of  streams,  ponds, 
or  lakes ;  flowering  in  June. 


6o 


Orchidaceae 


Ophrys 
nephrophylla 
Rydb. 
Heart- 
shaped 
Tway-blade. 


Stem  slender  and  smooth,  3-8 
inches  high.  Leaves  sessile,  cor- 
date or  broadly  ovate,  J-i  inch 
long;  head  of  flowers  rather 
loose,  J-2  inches  long,  4-2o-flow- 
ered;  flowers  very  minute,  pur- 
plish or  greenish ;  sepals  ovate ;  petals  oblong, 
about  TV  of  an  inch  long;  lip  two-cleft,  twice 
as  long  as  the  petals,  the  segments  linear  or 
hair-like. 

This  diminutive  orchid  is  one  of  the  com- 
monest species  throughout  the  region  in 
early  summer,  growing  abundantly  in  mossy 
places  in  the  moist  woods,  frequently  not 
rising  more  than  an  inch  or  two  above  the 
surface  of  the  ground;  the  flowers  varying 
greatly  in  color  from  yellowish  green  to 
purple. 


Ophrys  con- 
vallarioides 

(Sw.)  Wight. 
Broad- 
lipped 
Tway-blade. 


Stem  rather  stout,  4-10  inches 
high,  glandular- hairy  above  the 
leaves.  Leaves  smooth,  round, 
oval  or  ovate,  obtuse,  3-9  nerved, 
1-2 J  inches  long,  J-iJ  inches 


Orchidaceae  61 

wide.  Flowers  3-12  in  a  loose  head,  yel- 
lowish-green, J  an  inch  long;  bracts  nearly 
J  of  an  inch  long;  sepals  and  petals 
narrow  and  strongly  reflexed  in  flower, 
much  shorter  than  the  lip;  lip  nearly  half 
an  inch  long,  broadly  wedge-shaped  with 
two  obtuse  lobes  at  the  apex  and  with  a 
tooth  at  each  side  of  the  narrow  base ;  column 
elongated  but  shorter  than  the  lip,  and  in- 
curved with  two  short  projecting  wings 
above  the  anther. 

In  hemlock  woods  throughout  the  Selkirks ; 
flowering  in  July. 

Stems  3-5  inches  high,  smooth 
Ophrys 
borealis  below,  glandular  and  with  long 

(Morong).  silky  scattered  hairs  among  the 
Northern  flowers.  Leaves  oval,  slightly 
way-blade,  sheathing,  obtuse,  an  inch  or 
more  long,  half  as  broad,  generally  smooth. 
Flowers  few  in  a  raceme;  sepals  and  petals 
nearly  equal,  linear,  obtuse,  about  J  of  an 
inch  long;  lip  half  an  inch  long,  obtuse  at 
the  apex  with  very  obtuse  lobes.  Yellowish- 


62  Orchidaceae 

green  with  a  purplish  middle  and  purple 
nerves  radiating  into  the  apical  lobes,  col- 
umn slightly  incurved,  J  of  an  inch  long. 

Generally  distributed  throughout  the 
Rockies  but  never  abundant,  seldom  more 
than  3  or  4  plants  being  found  together; 
flowering  in  July. 

Plant    8-15    inches    high    from 
Peramium 
Menziesi          a     ^airy,     creeping     rootstock. 

(Lindl.)  Leaves  basal,  ij-2j  inches  long 

Morong.  and  a  third  as  broad,  tapering 

Rattlesnake  to    both    endSj    dark    green    and 

Plantain.  .                      ,.            11^11       «,i 

veiny,  sometimes  blotched  with 
white.  Flowers  \  to  nearly  J  an  inch  long, 
yellowish-  or  greenish-white,  in  a  slender 
spike;  sepals  and  petals  lanceolate,  erect  or 
nearly  so  about  half  the  length  of  the  lip,  lip 
swollen  at  the  base  and  with  a  long  narrow 
recurved  tip. 

Frequent  in  rich  woods  throughout  the 
region,  growing  in  moss,  the  evergreen  leaves 
forming  a  rosette  at  the  base  of  the  stalk 
of  flowers,  which  blossom  in  August. 


il 

fl      03 


S.1 

0>     N 

^  c 

f^H        0> 

Is 

I 
£ 


I" 

18 

-M       Vl 

J  C 


Orchidaceae 


Peramium 
repens  (L.) 

Salisb. 
Northern 
Rattlesnake 
Plantain. 


Plant  6-10  inches  high,  glandu- 
lar-hairy in  the  upper  part  of 
the  stem.  Leaves  oblong-lance- 
olate, an  inch  or  more  long  and  a 
third  as  wide,  tapering  to  both' 
ends,  green  and  usually  blotched 
with  white  along  the  veins.  Flowers  small 
in  a  one-sided  spike,  greenish-white,  about 
|  of  an  inch  long,  densely  glandular-hairy 
on  the  outer  surface;  sepals  and  petals 
erect,  ovate;  lip  sac-like  with  a  narrow 
recurved  tip. 

Frequent   in   the   woods   throughout   the 
Rockies,  flowering  in  July. 


Stem  stout  and  leafy,  6-18  inches 
high,  from  a  root  of  numerous 
fusiform  tubers.  Leaves  lance- 
olate or  ovate-lanceolate,  2-4 
inches  long.  Flowers  in  a  loose 
spike  2-3  inches  long  with  bracts 
an  inch  long;  flowers  yellowish- 
green,  sepals  ovate-lanceolate,  dilated  at  the 
base,  1  of  an  inch  long;  petals  very  narrow  or 


Cceloglos- 

sum 

bracteatum 

(Willd.) 

Parl. 

Long-bracted 

Orchid. 


64  Orchidaceae 

sometimes  thread-like;  lip  nearly  half  an 
inch  long,  oblong-spatulate,  2-3-toothed 
or  lobed  at  the  tip,  more  than  twice  as  long 
as  the  white  sac-like  spur. 

Frequent  in  open  grassy  woods  and 
meadows  throughout  the  Rockies;  flowering 
in  June. 


Stem  i,  2,  or  3  feet  tall,  from 
Limnorchis  a  root  of  2  or  3  fusifOrm,  hairy 

formis  tubers;    leafy.       Lowest   leaves 

Rydb.  oblanceolate,  obtuse,  2-5  inches 

Purplish-  long,  upper  ones  lanceolate,  acute, 

Green  Bog-  much  ionger>     Spike  of  flowers 

4-12  inches  long,  loosely  flow- 
ered, the  bracts  linear-lanceolate,  the  lowest 
much  longer  than  the  flowers,  i— ij  inches 
long.  Flowers  about  J  an  inch  long;  sepals 
yellowish-green  and  thin,  the  upper  one 
ovate,  erect,  about  J  of  an  inch  long,  the 
lateral  ones  obtuse  and  spreading,  J  of  a," 
inch  long,  petals  lanceolate,  acute,  greenish- 
purple  or  green;  lip  purple  or  greenish, 
linear,  obtuse,  thick,  over  J  of  an  inch  long; 


a   Ophrys  borealis  (Morong).     Northern  Twayblade. 

b  Coeloglossum  bracteatuin  (Willo)  Parl.     Long-Bracted  Orchid. 

c   Limnorchis   fragrans   Rydb.      Fragrant  White   Bog-Orchid. 

d  Lysiella  obtusata  (Pursh)  Rydb.     Small  Northern  Bog-Orchid. 

e      Ophrys  nephrophylla  Rydb.     Heart-Shaped  Twayblade. 

(%  Nat.) 


Orchidaceae  65 

spur  about  \  as  long  as  the  lip,  sack-like. 
Frequent  through  the  region  in  open 
swamps,  wet  meadows  and  sloughs,  varying 
greatly  in  size;  flowering  during  June  and 
early  July. 

Stem  8-1 8  inches  high,  strict 

Limnorchis  !?V  '  T 

and  leafy.  Lower  leaves  ob- 
vindiflora 

(Cham.)          lanceolate,    obtuse,    2-4    inches 
Rydb.  long,  upper  lanceolate  and  acute ; 

Small  spike  of  flowers  short  and  dense, 

the  bracts  linear-lanceolate,  the 
orchid. 

lower  slightly  exceeding  the 
flowers.  Flowers  J  an  inch  long  or  less, 
yellowish-green ;  upper  sepals  broadly  ovate, 
erect;  lateral  ones  J  of  an  inch  long, 
acute,  spreading;  petals  erect,  lanceolate, 
acute ;  lip  lanceolate,  obtuse,  less  than  J  of  an 
inch  long;  spur  club-shaped,  curved,  about  as 
long  as  the  lip.  Differs  from  the  last  species 
in  the  bright  green  colour,  slightly  smaller 
flowers  with  broader  based  lip  and  the  longer, 
club-shaped  curved  spur. 

In  bogs  throughout  the  region;  flowering 
in  June. 


5 


66  Orchidaceae 

Stem  1 8  inches  to  2  feet  high, 
Limnorchis  , 

slender  and  leafy.  Leaves,  the 
boreahs 

(Cham.)  lower  oblanceolate  and  obtuse, 

Rydb.  the  upper  lanceolate,  acute.  Spike 

Small  White      of  flowers  often  rather  dense>  4_8 

inches  long ;  bracts  lanceolate,  the 
lower  often  much  exceeding  the  flowers ;  flow- 
ers |  an  inch  or  more  long,  white  or  sometimes 
yellowish  or  greenish- white ;  upper  sepals 
ovate,  obtuse,  J  of  an  inch  long,  lateral  ones 
oblong-lanceolate,  spreading;  petals  lance- 
olate, slightly  shorter  than  the  sepals;  lip 
rhombic-lanceolate,  obtuse,  about  J  of  an 
inch  long;  spur  club-shaped  about  the  length 
of  or  shorter  than  the  lip. 

Throughout    the    region    in    open    boggy 
places  and  wet  meadows;  flowering  in  June. 


Stem  slender,  8-12  inches  high, 
Limnorchis 
fragrans          from  a  narrow  fusiform  tuberous 

Rydb.  root.    Leaves  linear,  acute,  2-4 

Fragrant         inches   long,    about    J    an   inch 

wide.     Spike  of  flowers  slender, 

lax;  bracts,  lanceolate,  acuminate,  the  lower 


Orchidaceae  67 

slightly  longer  than  the  flowers;  flowers  pure 
white  with  a  spicy  fragrance;  upper  sepal 
ovate-lanceolate,  obtuse,  the  lateral  ones 
linear-lanceolate,  acute,  and  strongly  veined  ; 
petals  narrowly  linear-lanceolate  equalling 
the  sepals;  lip  lanceolate  with  an  ovate 
rhomboid  base  about  J  of  an  inch  long;  spur 
slender  and  curved,  slightly  exceeding  the 

HP. 

In  more  or  less  shaded  bogs  through  the 
Rockies,  flowering  during  July. 


Stem  smooth,  6-18  inches  high, 

leafy  below,  bracted  above;  the 
roman- 

zoffianum  lower  leaves  3-8  inches  long, 
(Cham.)  linear  or  linear-oblanceolate. 
House.  Head  of  flowers  more  or  less 


Tresses  glandular,  hairy,  2-4  inches  long, 

half  an  inch  or  more  thick, 
bracts  shorter  than  the  flowers  ;  flowers  waxy 
white  or  greenish,  nearly  half  an  inch  long 
with  an  open  mouth,  spreading  horizontally 
and  very  fragrant;  upper  sepals  broad  and 
obtuse;  lip  oblong,  broad  at  the  base,  and 


68  Salicaceae 

contracted  below  to  the  crisped  apex,  thin 
transparent,  and  veined,  callosities  merely 
thickenings  of  the  basal  margins  of  the  lip. 
Throughout  the  region  in  springy  places 
and  wet  alpine  meadows;  flowering  toward 
the  end  of  July. 

SALICACE^ 
Willow  Family 

Trees  or  shrubs  with  light  wood,  brittle 
twigs,  and  simple  alternate  leaves;  flowers 
borne  in  catkins ;  the  staminate  and  pistillate 
on  separate  plants,  the  seed  provided  with  a 
covering  of  long,  white,  silky,  hairs. 


Populus  bal-  A  larSe  tree  with  nearly  smooth 
samifera  L.  gr&y  bark,  reaching  a  maximum 
Balsam  height  of  80  feet ;  branches  stout, 

Poplar.  ascending,  the  larger  buds  very 

resinous.  Leaves  smooth,  broadly  ovate 
or  ovate-lanceolate,  entire,  dark  green  and 
shining  above,  pale  beneath,  acute  or  acumi- 
nate at  the  apex,  rounded  or  acute  at  the 


Salicaceae  69 

base,  petioles  round.  Flowers  in  slender 
catkins,  the  staminate  and  pistillate  on 
separate  trees. 

Throughout  the  region  in  the  river  valleys 
and  on  the  surrounding  slopes,  usually  a  tree 
not  over  20-30  feet  high  but  sometimes 
attaining  an  immense  size. 

Po  ulus  ^  s^enc^er  ^ree  with  smooth,  light 

tremuloides  green  bark,  seldom  more  than 
Michx.  40-50  feet  high,  and  less  than 

American  half  th&t  {n  QUr  region        Leaves 

smooth  when  young  except  on 
the  margins,  ovate,  short- acuminate  at  the 
apex,  rounded  at  the  base,  finely  crenulate 
all  around;  petioles  flattened  laterally,  very 
slender,  causing  the  leaves  to  quiver  with 
the  slightest  breeze.  Flowers  in  rather 
stout  catkins. 

Frequent  in  the  low  valleys  and  slopes 
through  the  Rockies,  forming  groves,  or 
singly. 

The  willows  which  are  very  largely  repre- 
sented throughout  the  region,  in  the  low 


70  Betulaceae 

or  moist  ground  and  banks  of  streams,  as 
shrubs  or  small  trees;  or  on  the  drier  slopes, 
and  in  alpine  meadows  and  summits,  fre- 
quently as  very  diminutive  shrubs  with 
stems  less  than  an  inch  high,  have  been 
omitted  entirely,  owing  to  the  extreme 
difficulty  of  distinguishing  between  them 
in  a  work  of  this  kind. 

BETULACE^ 
Birch  Family 

Trees  or  shrubs  with  alternate  simple 
leaves ;  staminate  and  pistillate  flowers  borne 
in  separate  catkins  on  the  same  plant;  the 
staminate  usually  long,  slender,  and  droop- 
ing; the  pistillate  short  and  erect;  fruit 
cone-like. 

V 

'  ^  Betula  Becoming    a  large  forest    tree; 

papyrifera  Dark  chalky  white,  peeling  in 
Marsh.  thin  layers.  Leaves  ovate, 

Paper  Birch,     acute>  or  acuminate,  dentate  and 

(X^  denticulate,  smooth  above,  glan- 


Betulaceae 


.dular  and  hairy  on  the  veins  beneath,  slender- 
petioled  1^-4  inches  long.  Staminate  cat- 
kins 2-4  inches  long ;  pistillate  catkins  f  of  an 
inch  or  more  long. 

Sparingly  on  the  slopes  in  the  vicinity  of 
Field,  British  Columbia;  not  a  common  tree. 


A  tree  sometimes  100  feet  high 
but  much  smaller  in  our  region; 
the  bark  smooth  dark  bronze; 
twigs  gray-brown,  warty. 
Leaves  broadly  ovate  or  nearly 
sharply  serrate,  short-petioled, 

smooth   on    both   sides   or   sparingly   hairy 

beneath   £-2   inches  long. 

On   river   shores   throughout   the  region, 

sparingly  from  Field  west. 


Betula  occi- 
dentalis 
Hook. 

Western  Red 
Birch. 

orbicular, 


Betula  glan- 
dulosa 

Michx. 
Glandular 
Birch,  Scrub 
Birch. 

beneath, 


A  shrub  1-8  feet  with  brown, 
glandular,  warty  twigs.  Leaves 
orbicular,  oval  or  ovate,  smooth, 
rounded  at  the  apex,  crenate- 
dentate,  bright  green  above, 
pale  and  sticky,  glandular-dotted 
short  petioled,  J-i  inch  long. 


72  Loranthaceae 

Staminate  catkins,  commonly  solitary,  about 
J  an  inch  long;  cones  when  ripe  J-i  inch  long. 
In  moist  ground  and  thickets  in  the  lower 
valleys  through  the  Rockies,  frequent. 

A   shrub    4-20    feet   high   with 
Alnus  tenui- 

folia  Nutt  brown  bark.  Leaves  more  or 
Slender-  less  broadly  ovate,  2-3  inches 

leaved  Alder.  \ongt  acute,  rounded  or  slightly 
heart-shaped  at  the  base,  acutely  doubly 
toothed,  light  green  and  smooth  on  both  sides 
or  slightly  hairy.  Staminate  catkins  slender, 
drooping,  1-2  inches  long;  fruiting  cones 
erect,  J  an  inch  or  less  long. 

In  moist  places  and  thickets  and  stream 
banks  at  the  higher  elevations  throughout 
the  region,  very  abundant  in  the  Selkirks. 


LORANTHACE^ 

Mistletoe  Family 

ParasnV'c  herbs  growing  on  woody  plants 
and  absorbing  their  food  from  the  host  plant 
through  specialised  roots;  leaves  opposite, 


Santalaceae  73 

frequently  reduced  to  scales;  flowers  dioe- 
cious or  monoecious,  regular;  in  terminal  or 
axillary  clusters. 

Greenish-yellow     or     brownish, 

smooth,     fleshy;    stems    rather 
skya  amer- 

icana(Nutt)  slender,  numerous,  and  tufted, 
Kuntze.  forked  or  branched  into  4-angled 

Dwarf  jointed     branches.     Leaves    re- 

Mistletoe. 

duced  to  opposite  scales  at  the 

joints.  Flowers  very  small,  the  staminate 
and  pistillate  on  separate  plants;  staminate 
plants  2-4  inches  long,  with  the  flowers  on 
terminal  peduncle-like  joints;  pistillate  plants 
much  smaller  and  darker  coloured;  berries 
ovate,  purplish  brown,  £  of  an  inch  long. 

Throughout  the  Rockies,  parasitic  on 
Pinus  Murrayana;  locally  abundant,  ap- 
pearing in  midsummer. 


SANTALACE^ 
Sandalwopd  Family 
Low  herbs  parasitic  on  the  roots  of  other 


74  Santalaceae 

plants,  with  entire  leaves  and  perfect,  green- 
ish flowers,  either  terminal  or  axillary ;  calyx 
3-6-lobed;  petals  wanting;  stamens  as  many 
as  the  calyx  lobes  and  inserted  near  their 
bases  or  opposite  them  upon  the  disc ;  fruit 
in  the  only  genus  represented  in  the  region, 
drupe-like,  crowned  by  the  persistent  style. 

Comandra  Stem  slender  and  leafy,  6-12 
pallidaDC.  inches  tall,  pale  and  glaucous. 
Pale  Co-  Leaves  linear  or  linear-lanceolate, 
acute  or  the  lowest  of  those  of  the 
stem,  oblong-elliptic.  Flowers  small,  less  than  \ 
of  an  inch  high  with  short  pedicels,  clustered 
at  the  summit  of  the  stems,  calyx  purplish  or 
sometimes  nearly  white ;  fruit  ovoid-oblong, 
nearly  half  an  inch  high  and  crowned  by  the 
very  short  upper  portion  of  the  calyx  tube. 

On  dry  hillsides  throughout  the  Rockies; 
flowering  during  June. 

Comandra  ^tem  s^ender'  usually  quite  sim- 

livida  Rich,  pie,   4-12   inches  high.     Leaves 

Northern  thin,  oval,  obtuse  or  rounded  at 

Comandra.  ^  apex>  narrowe(}  at  the  base, 


Polygonaceae  75 

short-petioled  J-iJ  inches  long,  nearly  half 
as  broad,  yellowish  or  purplish-green  when 
young,  becoming  bright  green  or  often  varie- 
gated with  age.  Flowers  small,  less  than 
J  of  an  inch  broad ;  purplish  green,  in  axillary 
clusters  of  1-5  flowers ;  drupe  globose-oblong, 
|  of  an  inch  in  diameter,  bright  red  when 
ripe. 

Throughout  the  Rockies  in  moist  ground 
and  shaded  mossy  places  and  borders  of 
woods,  flowering  in  June.  While  incon- 
spicuous early  in  the  season,  in  midsummer 
it  is  apt  to  be  quite  showy  on  account  of  the 
striking,  golden  yellow  veining  of  the  other- 
wise green  leaves;  this  condition  is  due  to  a 
fungoid  or  other  disease  of  the  plant. 


POLYGONACE^J 

Buckwheat  Family 

Herbs  and  twining  vines  with  alternate  or 
sometimes  opposite  or  whorled  leaves,  jointed 


76  Polygonaceae 

stems  and  usually  sheathing  united  stipules; 
flowers  small,  regular,  perfect,  monoecious, 
dioecious  or  polygamous;  petals  none,  calyx 
2-6-parted,  the  segments  more  or  less  folded 
over  each  other,  sometimes  petal-like;  sta- 
mens 2-9  dilated  at  the  base  and  distinct  or 
united  into  a  ring;  ovary  superior,  one-celled 
with  a  solitary  ovule. 

Flowers  not  involucrate;  stipules  sheathing. 

Leaves  reniform,  sepals  4.  Oxyria. 

Leaves  not  reniform;  sepals  6. 

Sepals  unequal ;  stigmas  tufted.  Rumex. 

Sepals  equal;  stigmas  capitate.  Polygonum. 

Flowers  involucrate,  many;  stipules  wanting. 

Eriogonum. 

Stems  2  inches  to  a  foot  high, 
Oxyria 
digyna   (L )     scape-like   and   leafless,    from   a 

Hill.  large  chaffy  rootstock.     Leaves 

Mountain        basal  on  long  petioles,  reniform 

or  orbicular  J-2  inches  wide  with 

a  wavy  margin,  sometimes  notched  at  the 

apex.     Racemes   2-3   inches  or  more  long, 

of  many  small  flowers  on  slender  pedicels; 

crimson  or  pinkish  and  .showy  in  fruit. 

Frequent  at  the  higher  altitudes  through- 


Polygonaceae  77 

out  the  region  in  moist  grounds  and  beside 
streams,  flowering  in  June. 

Rumex  Stems    a    foot    or    more    high, 

acetosa  smooth.    Leaves  oblong,  hastate 

Sour.  or    ovate-sagittate,     1-4    inches 

long,  acute,  the  basal  few  and  long  petioled, 
stem  leaves  sessile,  the  acute  auricles  entire. 
Flowers,  dioecious,  minute,  crowded  in  a  slen- 
der head  3-6  inches  long,  yellowish-green 
tinged  with  red. 

In  moist  open  ground  at  the  higher  ele- 
vations, more  or  less  frequent  throughout 
the  Rockies,  flowering  in  midsummer. 

Smooth,  pale  green,  erect,  and 
saiicifiolus  spreading,  1-3  feet  high.  Leaves 
Weinm.  lanceolate,  acute  or  acuminate 

Pale-leaved  t .   ., 

^    .  at  both  ends,  petioled.    Flowers 

Dock. 

small  greenish-white  in  erect  or 
reflexed  racemes,  dense  in  fruit,  interrupted 
below;  wings  of  the  fruit  triangular-ovate, 
with  a  large  ovoid  tubercle. 

Frequent  throughout  the  Rockies  at  the 
lower  altitudes;  flowering  in  summer. 


Polygonaceae 


Poiygonum  Smooth,  with  a  corm-like  root- 
viviparum  stock ;  stems  solitary  or  clustered, 
L.  Alpine  2-io  inches  high.  Basal  leaves 
Bistort.  lanceolate  or  oblong,  1-8  inches 

long,  rather  acute,  cordate  at  the  base  on  long 
petioles;  stem  leaves  narrowly  lanceolate  or 
linear,  upper  sessile  with  revolute  margins. 
Flowers  in  a  dense  terminal  raceme  several 
inches  long;  rose-coloured  or  white;  stamens 
exserted;  small  bulblets  frequently  devel- 
oped among  the  flowers,  which  later  produce 
leaves  and  young  plants. 

Frequent  in  moist  sandy  soil  and  river 
banks  throughout  the  Rockies,  flowering  in 
June  and  July. 

Several  small  weedy  species  of  the  genus 
are  also  found  through  the  region  but  are  not 
sufficiently  striking  to  be  here  described. 


Eriogonum 
subalpinum 

Greene. 
Tall  White 
Eriogonum. 


Stems  depressed,  much  branched, 
prostrate  and  matted  at  the 
base.  Leaves  oblong  to  ovate- 
spatulate,  1-2  inches  long,  on 
slender  petioles,  smooth  and 


Polygonaceae  79 

green  above,  white- woolly  beneath.  Scape 
like  peduncles,  erect,  8-14  inches  high,  with 
a  simple,  large  umbel  of  8-12  rays  subtended 
by  a  whorl  of  leaves.  Flowers  J-J  of  an 
inch  high,  cream-coloured  or  nearly  pure 
white,  and  tinged  with  rosy  pink  especially 
in  age. 

A  striking  plant  growing  in  stony  places 
and  on  rocky  slopes,  throughout  the  Rockies, 
flowering  in  June  and  July. 

Tufted  from  a  large    rootstock. 

Leaves  white  and  woolly  through- 
ochroleucum 

Small.  oirt,    densely    crowded    on    the 

Yellowish-  very  short  stems,  elliptic  to 
white  obovate-spatulate,  half  an  inch 

Eriogonum.  .  , 

or  more  long,  narrowed  at  the 
base  into  slender,  frequently  spirally-twisted 
petioles;  scapes  slender,  several,  six  inches 
or  more  high  bearing  a  globular  head  of 
pale  yellowish-white  flowers  fV  of  an  inch 
high. 

On  a  moist  rocky  slope  at  an  elevation 
of  4500  feet  near  Glacier,  abundant,  the 


8o  Portulacaceae 

plant  may  occur  elsewhere  in  the  region 
but  has  not  been  observed;  flowers  in 
June. 

PORTULACACE^ 

Purslane  Family 

Fleshy  herbaceous  plants,  with  regular 
perfect,  unsymmetrical  flowers;  sepals  com- 
monly 2 ;  petals  4  or  5 ,  folded  together,  sta- 
mens equal  in  number  to  the  petals  or  fewer. 

Claytonia  Stem  3~»  inches  high  from  a 
lanceolata  round  corm.  Leaves  oblong  or 
Pursh.  lanceolate,  J-iJ  inches  long. 

Spring  Flowers    nearly    half    an    inch 

Beauty. 

broad,  few  to  several  in  a  loose. 

head,  on  slender  pedicels ;  petals  notched  at 
the  end  or  almost  obcordate,  white  with 
pink  veins. 

One  of  the  first  plants  to  appear  in  spring 
on  the  edges  of  the  snow-banks,  through- 
out the  region,  from  the  lower  altitudes  up 
to  the  alpine  summits,  flowering  throughout 


*& 

$  g 


o 


Caryophyllaceae  81 

the    summer    according    to    elevation    and 
condition  of  the  snow. 

Stems  6-12  inches  high,  diffuse, 

ascending  or  somewhat  reclined 
parvifoha 

Moc.  Small-    or  creeping,  sometimes  reduced 
leaved  to  slender  naked  runners.  Leaves 

Spring  fleshy,     rhombic-ovate,      acute, 

about  half  an  inch  long,  con- 
tracted at  the  base,  the  upper  a  quarter  of 
an  inch  long  or  less.  Flowers  few  and  race- 
mose ;  petals  somewhat  obcordate  J  of  an  inch 
long,  much  surpassing  the  rounded  sepals,  rose- 
colour  varying  to  white ;  propagating  freely 
by  bulblet-like  offshoots  in  the  axils  of  the 
stem  leaves,  as  well  as  by  the  usual  method. 
In  wet  stony  places  and  in  the  gravelly 
beds  of  Alpine  brooks,  frequent  in  the  Sel- 
kirks,  flowering  in  July. 


CARYOPHYLLACE^ 

Pink  Family 
Herbaceous  plants,   often  swollen  at  the 

6 


32  Caryophyllaceae 

nodes,  with  opposite  entire  leaves  and  perfect 
or  rarely  dioecious  regular  flowers;  sepals 
4  or  5  persistent,  separated  or  united  into 
a  calyx-tube;  petals  equal  in  number  to  the 
sepals  or  none;  stamens  twice  as  many  as 
the  sepals  or  fewer. 

Sepals  united;  petals  long  clawed. 
Calyx  lo-many  nerved. 

Styles  3 ;  capsule  with  3  or  6  teeth.  Silene. 

Styles  5;  capsule  with  5  or  10  teeth.  Lychnis. 

Sepals  free  to  the  base  or  nearly  so. 
Petals  two  cleft  or  rarely  none. 

Capsule  cylindric,  usually  curved.  Cerastium. 

Capsule  ovate  or  oblong,  not  curved.  Alsine. 

Petals  entire  or  notched,  rarely  none. 

Styles  as  many  as  the  sepals  and  alternate  with 
them.  Sagina. 

Styles  fewer  than  the  sepals. 

Seeds  appendaged.  Mcehringia. 

Seeds  not  appendaged.  Arenaria. 

Silene  Closely  tufted,  an  inch  or  two 

acaulis  L.  high,  forming  cushion-like  beds, 
Moss  often  2  feet  or  more  across. 

Campion.  Leaves  sessile,  crowded,  linear, 
|  an  inch  or  less  long,  the  margins  ciliate. 
Flowers  J  of  an  inch  or  more  across,  nearly 


Caryophyllaceae  83 

sessile  or  raised  on  naked  curved  peduncles, 
often  J  an  inch  long;  calyx  narrowly  cam- 
panulate,  J  of  an  inch  long,  smooth,  the 
teeth  short,  rounded;  petals  rose-purple  or 
rarely  white,  entire  or  notched. 

In  alpine  meadows,  in  stony  ground,  on 
the  moraines  and  tops  of  the  mountains 
throughout  the  fegion,  flowering  in  June 
and  July. 

Stems  slender,  decumbent  at  the 
oiiene 

Lyallii  S.  base,  1 2-1 8  inches  high,  min- 
Wats.  utely  hairy  throughout,  glan- 

LyaWs  dular  above.     Leaves,  the  basal 

Catchfty. 

spatulate,  obtuse  1-2  inches 
long  on  long  petioles,  those  of  the  stem 
linear  1-2  inches  long,  sessile.  Flowers  on 
short  peduncles  in  rather  loose  terminal 
heads;  calyx  oblong,  inflated,  about  J  an 
inch  long,  narrow,  glandular,  teeth  purple- 
tipped;  petals  white,  nearly  half  an  inch» 
long,  spreading,  two-lobed. 

On  grassy  alpine  slopes  throughout  the 
region,  flowering  in  June  and  July. 


84  Caryophyllaceae 

Lychnis  More    or    less    glandular-hairy, 

apetaia  L.  2-6  inches  high.  Leaves  linear 
Nodding  or  oblanceolate,  \-2\  inches  long. 
Lychnis.  Flower  solitary,  J-f  of  an  inch 
long,  nodding;  calyx  inflated,  strongly  pur- 
ple veined,  its  teeth  triangular-ovate,  acute; 
petals  purple,  as  long  as  or  shorter  than  the 
calyx,  narrow,  2 -cleft. 

Among  loose  boulders  on  the  moraines 
and  alpine  summits  throughout  the  region, 
flowering  in  July. 

Cerastium  Stems  tufted,  ascending  from  a 

arvense  decumbent  base,  3-6  inches  high, 

strictum  hairy  throughout,  roughly  so  at 

(L.)  Rydb.  the  b  glandular  at  the  sum- 
Field 

„, .  ,  ,  mit.  Leaves  numerous,  A— |  of 
Chickweed. 

an  inch  long,  narrowly  lance- 
olate, acute,  with  a  broad  sessile  base. 
Flowers  several  in  a  more  or  less  close  head, 
nearly  half  an  inch  broad,  white;  petals 
deeply  notched. 

In  dry  stony  ground  in  the  lower  valleys 
of  the  Rockies,  flowering  in  June. 


Caryophyllaceae  85 

Thick,  silky-hairy  below,  with 
Cerastium 

sticky  hairs  above;  sterns  matted 
behrmgi- 

anum  J~3  inches  high.     Leaves  small, 

Cham,  and      oblong,  \  of  an  inch  long  or  less, 
Schl-  rather   thick,    obtuse.      Flowers 


„  }    of   an   inch   or   more    broad; 

Chick-weed. 

petals  white,  notched  at  the 
apex,  sometimes  little  longer  than  the 
lanceolate  sepals. 

In  stony  ground,  alpine  slopes  and  sum- 
mits throughout  the  Rockies,  flowering 
during  summer. 


Erect  or  ascending,  tufted,  sim- 
lon  i  es  P^e  or  rarelv  sparingly  branched, 

(Goldie)  3-12   inches   high,    smooth   and 

Coville.  shining.       Leaves    light    green, 

Long~  lanceolate    or    linear-lanceolate, 

stalked 

Stitchwort.         *-Ji   mcheS  lonS'    br°ad   at  the 
base.       Flowers  few,   J-J  of  an 

inch  broad,  terminal,  on  long,  slender,  erect 
pedicels;  sepals  ovate  or  lanceolate,  acute; 
petals  2 -cleft,  exceeding  the  calyx. 


86  Caryophyllaceae 

In    moist    open    places    throughout    the 
Rockies,  flowering  in  June. 


Low,  smooth,  or  somewhat  hairy, 

Alsine  laeta 

(Richards.)      ^4  inches  high,   very  glaucous 

Rydb.  throughout,  densely  leafy  at  the 

Glaucous         base.      Leaves    keeled,    lanceo- 

Stitchwort. 


>  awl_shaped 

stiff,  J-J  an  inch  long.  Flowers  J  of  an  inch 
or  more  across;  sepals  lanceolate,  acute,  J  of 
an  inch  long;  petals  notched,  longer  than  the 
sepals;  stamens  showy,  with  scarlet  anthers. 
In  alpine  meadows  and  moist  grounds  at 
high  altitudes,  throughout  the  region;  flower- 
ing in  July. 


Erect  or  ascending,  weak,  much 

branched,      smooth,     or     hairy 
boreahs 

(Bigel.)  above,  6-18  inches  long.    Leaves 

Britton.  thin,  lanceolate  or  oblong-lance- 

Northern  Q{  ^    {nch^   j  & 

Stitchwort. 

sessile,    thin,    margins    slightly 

hairy  or  naked.     Flowers  small  and  incon- 
spicuous in  a  leafy  terminal  compound  head, 


Caryophyllaceae  87 

ascending  or  spreading  on  slender  pedicels; 
sepals  ovate-lanceolate,  acute;  petals  shorter 
than  the  sepals  or  none. 

In  wet  places  at  the  lower  altitudes 
throughout  the  Rockies;  flowering  through- 
out the  summer  from  early  June. 

0    .  Smooth,  stems  very  slender  and 

Sagina 

saginoides  tufted,  1-4  inches  high.  Leaves 
(L.)Britton.  j  to  nearly  J  an  inch  long  with  a 
Arctic  spiny  tip.  Flowers  small,  solitary 

Pearl-wort. 

or  few  together,  at  the  end  of  the 
slender  stem,  about  f  of  an  inch  broad ;  petals 
white   minute,  hardly  exceeding  the  calyx. 
On  rocks  and  moist  sandy  ground  through- 
out the  region;  flowering  in  June. 

Stems  erect  or  ascending,  simple 
Moehrmgia 

lateriflora         or  a^  length,  sparingly  branched, 

(L.)  Fenzl.       finely    hairy    throughout,    4-12 

Blunt-  inches  high.     Leaves  thin,  oval, 

or  oblong,  J-i  inch  long,  obtuse, 

Sandwort. 

spreading,     the     margins     and 

nerves  fringed  with  hairs.     Flowers  few  in 


88  Caryophyllaceae 

lateral  and  terminal  clusters  or  sometimes 
solitary;'  J  of  an  inch  or  more  broad,  their 
parts  in  4's  or  5*5;  sepals  oblong,  obtuse  or 
acute,  half  as  long  as  the  nearly  entire 
white  petals. 

In  moist  places  growing  among  grass, 
throughout  the  Rockies;  flowering  in 
June. 


Smooth  throughout  except  the 
Arenana 

capillaris  tops  of  the  stems  and  sepals, 
nardifolia  which  are  glandular;  stems  slen- 
(Ledeb.)  fier,  4-8  inches  high,  numerous 

from  a  tufted,  leafy  base. 
Sandwort. 

Leaves  mostly  in  bundles  J-iJ 
inches  long,  smooth,  very  slender  and 
curved,  with  a  spiny  tip,  those  of  the  stem 
few  and  much  reduced.  Flowers  white, 
\  an  inch  broad  in  a  loose  branching 
head. 

A  rather  striking  plant  on  grassy 
slopes  throughout  the  region;  flowering  in 
June. 


Caryophyllaceae  89 

Very    slender,    much    branched 
Arenaria 
verna  anc^  finely>  sticky- hairy  through- 

equicaulis         out ;  stems  threadlike,  numerous, 
A.  Nelson.       nearly  of  a  uniform  length   in 

the  same  plant,  2-3  inches  long. 

Sandwort. 

Leaves  crowded  at  the  base,  few 
and  much  reduced  above,  linear,  awl-shaped, 
thick,  semi-cylindric,  nearly  smooth.  Flow- 
ers small,  little  more  than  f  of  an  inch  across; 
sepals  ovate-oblong,  acute,  strongly  3 -nerved ; 
petals  white,  acute,  not  exceeding  the  sepals. 
A  small  tufted  plant  with  wiry  stems  and 
minute  white  star-like  flowers,  in  moist  or 
dry,  sandy  places  throughout  the  region 
from  the  low  valleys  to  the  alpine  summits ; 
flowering  in  May  and  June. 

Closely  tufted,  stems  densely 
sajanensis.  glandular- hairy,  decumbent,  very 
Willd.  leafy  below,  J-2J  inches  long 

Alpine  with    2    or    3    pairs    of    short, 

Sandwort.  ...    .  -  .. 

rather  distant  leaves  and  ter- 
minating in  1-3  flowers.  Lower  leaves, 
linear-obtuse,  stiff,  J  of  an  inch  or  more  long, 


90  Ranunculaceae 

smooth  or  slightly  hairy;  calyx  lobes  linear- 
oblong,  1-3  ribbed,  glandular,  hairy,  |  of  an 
inch  long;  petals  white,  broad,  equalling  or 
exceeding  the  sepals. 

On  high  alpine  slopes  and  summits, 
throughout  the  Rockies;  flowering  in  June 
and  July. 


RANUNCULACE.E 

Crowfoot  Family 

Herbs  or  rarely  climbing  shrubs  with 
acrid  sap;  leaves  usually  alternate  without 
stipules;  flowers  usually  showy,  blue,  white, 
yellow,  or  scarlet;  sepals  3-15,  generally  soon 
falling  away,  often  petal-like;  petals  about 
the  same  number  or  occasionally  wanting; 
stamens  many;  carpels  many  or  rarely 
solitary. 

Carpels  with  solitary  ovules;  fruit  an  achene. 

Sepals  valvate  in  the  bud;  leaves  opposite.   Atragene. 
Sepals  folded  on  each  other  in  the  bud;  leaves  not 
opposite. 


Atragene  columbiana  Nutt.    (%   Nat.) 
Purple  Virgin's-Bower. 


Ranunculaceae  91 

Stem  leaves  three  in  a  whorl. 

Styles  short,  smooth  or  hairy.  Anemone. 

Styles  long,  plumose.  Pulsatilla. 

Stem  leaves  alternate  or  basal. 

Petals  none,  flowers  small;  leaves  compound. 

Thalictrum. 
Petals  present. 

Flowers  white.  Batrachium. 

Flowers  yellow. 

Achenes  papillose  or  spiny.         Ranunculus. 
Achenes  longitudinally  nerved.  Halerpestes. 
Carpels  with  several  ovules ;  fruit,  follicles  or  berries. 
Flowers  regular. 
Leaves  simple. 

Petals  none;  leaves  cordate-orbicular.      Caltha. 
Petals  linear-spatulate ;  leaves  palmately 

parted.  Trollius. 

Leaves  compound. 

Sepals  spurred;  carpels  becoming  follicles. 

Aquilegia. 
Sepals  not  spurred;  carpels  becoming  berries. 

Actsea. 
Flowers  irregular;  upper  sepals  spurred. 

Delphinium. 

A  climbing  or  trailing  vine  with 
Atragene 

coiumbiana  somewhat  woody  stems.  Leaves 
Nutt.  Pur-  trifoliate,  the  leaflets  thin,  on 
pie  Virgin's-  sien(}er  petioles,  ovate,  attenu- 
ate, acute,  and  entire,  2-3  inches 
long.  Flowers  purple,  1^-2  inches  broad,  on 


92  Ranunculaceae 

long  peduncles,  solitary  in  the  axils  of  the 
leaves;  sepals  4-6,  oblong  lanceolate,  acumi- 
nate, more  than  twice  the  length  of  the 
stamens;  styles  persistent,  forming  a  plu- 
mose head  of  fruit. 

In  rocky  woods  and  on  shaded  mountain 
sides  up  to  6000  feet  elevation,  throughout 
the  Rockies,  trailing  over  the  ground,  or 
festooning  the  shrubs  or  lower  branches 
of  the  trees;  flowering  in  early  June. 

Stem  simple,  sparingly  hairy,  4-8 
parviflora  inches  high.  Basal  leaves  long- 
Michx.  petioled,  3 -parted,  the  broadly 

Northern          wedge-shaped  divisions    obtuse- 

Anemone.  1      1    1      -ix  -1  r 

ly-lobed    or    crenate,    those    01 

the  involucre  nearly  sessile,  similarly  lobed. 
Flower  an  inch  or  less  in  diameter,  se- 
pals, oblong,  very  obtuse,  white,  blue  on 
the  outside  near  the  base;  stamens  numerous; 
head  of  fruit  globose. 

Common  throughout  the  Rockies  in  moist 
ground  and  rich  woods;  flowering  early  in 
June. 


a   Anemone    Drummondii    S.    Wats.     Alpine   Anemone. 
b  Anemone  parviflora  Michx.     Northern  Anemone.    (%   Nat.) 


Ranunculaceae  93 

Anemone  Sparingly  pubescent,  with  long 
Drummondu  whitish  hairs,  especially  at  the 
S.  Wats.  involucre,  4-6  inches  high. 
Alpine  Root-leaves,  slender-petioled,  3- 

Anemone.  parted,  the  divisions  cut  into 
linear,  oblong  obtuse  lobes;  leaves  of  the 
involucre  similar  on  short  petioles,  their 
lobes  slightly  broader.  Flowers  usually  soli- 
tary, half  an  inch  or  more  broad  on  long 
peduncles;  sepals  5,  ovate  or  oval,  obtuse, 
white,  finely  appressed-hairy  and  blue  out- 
side. 

Throughout  the  region  in  alpine  meadows 
and  slopes  near  the  snow,  flowering  in  June 
and  July  as  the  snows  disappear. 

Anemone  Stems  3-i5  inches  high,  close, 
globosa  silky-hairy.  Root  leaves  long 

Nutt.  Wind-  petioled,  nearly  semicircular  in 
flower.  outline,  3- parted,  the  sessile 

divisions  deeply  lobed,  with  cleft,  linear 
segments,  involucral  leaves  similar,  short 
petioled.  Sepals  5-8,  red,  bluish  or  nearly 
pure  white,  half  an  inch  or  less  long,  soft, 


94  Ranunculaceae 

hairy    outside,    receptacle    oblong,    in   fruit 
densely  woolly. 

The  most  abundant  anemone  through 
the  Rockies  in  the  low  open  valleys,  and, 
occasionally  on  the  slopes,  presenting  the 
greatest  variety  of  colouring  from  deep 
rosy  pink  to  pure  white  and  occasionally 
blue;  flowering  in  early  June. 

Villous,  6-1 8  inches  high.  Leaves 
Pulsatilla  .  ..  .  .  v 

much  divided  into  narrow,  linear, 
hirsutissima 

(Pursh.)  acute  lobes,  the  basal  on  slender 

Britton.  petioles,  those  of  the  involucre 

Pasque  sessile  and  erect  or  ascending. 

Flower.  11-1  1 

Flowers  bluish  purple,  some- 
times nearly  white  inside;  sepals  5-7  ovate- 
oblong  i-ij  inches  long,  forming  a  cup; 
fruit  a  head  of  long  silky  achenes  2  inches 
or  more  in  diameter. 

This  is  one  of  the  earliest  and  most  beauti- 
ful of  all  the  spring  flowers,  in  the  open 
meadows  and  mountain  sides,  blossoming 
through  May  and  June  according  to  the 
situation.  Probably  its  most  common  local 


a   Fulsatilla  hirsutissima  (Pursh)  Britton. 

Pasque  Flower. 

b    Pulsatilla   occidentalis    (S.    Wats.)    Freyn.    (%    Nat.) 
Western    Anemone. 


Ranunculaceae  95 

name,  in  the  Rockies  where  it  is  very  abun- 
dant, is  that  of  crocus,  to  which  flower  it 
does  bear  a  superficial  resemblance,  in  size 
shape,  and  colour,  and  in  the  habit  of  the 
flower  appearing  as  soon  as  the  snow  has 
left  the  ground,  and  before  the  leaves. 


Stem  rather  stout,  silky-hairy, 
Pulsatilla  .  . 

6- 1 8  inches  high,  simple.    Leaves 

occidentals 

(S.  Wats.)        biternate,    the    lower    on    long 

Freyn.  petioles,    the    divisions    deeply 

Western  pinnatifid  into  deeply  cut  linear, 

Anemone.  1    u  ,  ,      , 

acute  lobes;  those  of  the  in- 
volucre similar  but  short- petioled.  Flow- 
ers. iJ-2  inches  broad,  peduncled,  the 
peduncles  much  elongated  in  fruit;  sepals 
spreading,  6-7,  oval-obtuse,  white,  the 
outside  usually  blue  at  the  base;  fruit  of 
long  plumose  tailed  achenes  in  a  globular 
fluffy  head. 

Frequent  throughout  the  Rockies  at  an 
elevation  of  6000  to  10,000  feet,  blossoming 
on  the  edges  of  the  snow  banks  as  they  recede, 


96 


Ranunculacese 


• 

; 


1  V 


o< 


Thalictrum 

megacarpum 

Torr. 

Veiny 

Meadow 

Rue. 


a  conspicuous   feature   of   many   an   alpine 
meadow  during  early  June. 

Smooth,  pale  green,  and  glaucous ; 
stem  purplish,  erect,  6-18  inches 
tall.  Leaves  3-4  ternate,  long- 
petioled,  leaflets  firm,  obovate, 
rounded  at  the  apex,  wedge- 
shaped  or  subcordate  at  the  base, 
\-\  an  inch  long,  3~5-lobed,  the  lower  surface 
prominently  veined.  Flowers  dioecious,  with 
4  or  5  small,  purplish-green  sepals  and  large, 
linear,  wedge-shaped  anthers  or  slender 
styles;  the  achenes  wedge-shaped  and  taper- 
ing into  a  short  beak. 

A  frequent  plant  in  the  dry  open  valleys 
in  the  Rockies  at  the  lower  altitudes ;  flower- 
ing in  June. 


Thalictrum 
occidentale 

A.  Gray. 
Western 
Meadow 
Rue. 


Stems  slender,  1-3  feet  high. 
Leaves  2-4  ternate,  the  lowest 
petioled ;  leaflets  thin,  J  to  nearly 
an  inch  long,  3-9  lobed  at  the 
summit,  sparingly  glandular- 
hairy  beneath.  Flowers  dice- 


Ranunculaceae  97 

cious,  nodding  on  very  slender  pedicels  in 
an  ample  open  panicle;  calyx  of  4-8  sepals 
which  soon  fall,  filaments  purplish  and 
slender ;  anthers  linear  and  pointed ;  achenes 
lanceolate  or  somewhat  sickle-shaped,  nearly 
half  an  inch  long. 

Frequent  in  rich  woods  and  moist  shady 
places  at  the  lower  altitudes  throughout 
the  Rockies;  flowering  in  June,  like  the 
previous  species  striking  for  its  leaves,  re- 
sembling a  robust  maiden-hair  fern,  and  the 
large  loose  heads  of  delicate  tasselled  flowers. 


Aquatic  herb  with  submerged 
Batrachium  , 

stems,  a  foot  long  or  more, 
tnchophyl- 

lum  (Chaix.)     Leaves  petioled,  1-2  inches  long, 

Bossch.  finely  dissected.     Flowers  white 

White  with  yellow  centre,    J-J   of   an 

inch    broad,    blooming    on    the 

Crowfoot. 

surface  of  the  water  on  stout 
pedicels  1-2  inches  or  more  long. 

Frequent  throughout  the  Rockies  at  the 
lower  altitudes  in  shallow  ponds  and  ditches; 
flowering  in  June  and  July. 


98  Ranunculaceae 

Ranan  1  Aquatic  or  creeping,  hairy,  at 
Purshii  least  on  the  younger  parts. 

Richards.  Leaves  slender- petioled,  J-i  inch, 
Pursh's  wide,  palmately-'divided  nearly 

to  the  base,  into  obtuse  lobes. 
Flowers  less  than  J  an-  inch  broad,  bright 
yellow;  petals  5 ;  head  of  fruit  globose,  a  little 
less  than  J  of  an  inch  broad. 

Frequent  in  shallow  pools  throughout  the 
Rockies;  flowering  throughout  the  summer. 

Ranunculus  Stems  creePing>  rooting  at  the 
reptans  L.  joints;  flowering  stems  and  pe- 
Creeping  duncles  ascending.  Leaves  lin- 
Spearwort.  ear-lanceolate  or  spatulate  J-2 
inches  long,  entire,  gradually  narrowed  into 
the  petiole.  Flowers  nearly  half  an  inch 
broad,  solitary,  on  peduncles  f-2  inches  long; 
petals  4-7,  much  exceeding  the  calyx; 
stamens  numerous;  achenes  flat. 

On  muddy  shores  of  ponds  and  streams 
throughout  the  Rockies,  flowering  in  mid- 
summer, the  creeping  stems  frequently  inter- 
laced and  forming  dense  mats. 


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13 
O 

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«  § 


Ranunculaceae  99 

Ranunculus  Erect  4-12  inches  high,  branch- 
pedatifidus  mg.  Basal  leaves  petioled, 
J.  E.  Smith.  broadly  ovate  or  nearly  or- 

Northern 

Buttercup.  bicular>  about  f  of  an  inch 
broad,  crenate  or  often  lobed, 
those  of  the  stem  deeply  and  narrowly  lobed, 
nearly  sessile.  Flowers  about  J  of  an  inch 
in  diameter,  petals  little  surpassing  the 
spreading  sepals. 

In  moist  shaded  situations  near  Banff; 
flowering  in  June. 

Ranunculus  Stem  branching,  more  or  less 
eremogenes  hairy,  6-1 8  inches  high,  sparingly 
Greene.  leafy.  Leaves  rounded  in  out- 

D/ltch  line,   mostly   5-parted,   the  seg- 

ments cut  into  about  3 -toothed 
lobes.  Flowers  \  of  an  inch  or  more  broad, 
the  light  yellow  petals  surpassing  the  sepals ; 
fruit  in  an  obtusely  ovoid  head. 

In  wet  springy  places,  ditches  and  the 
margins  of  pools,  frequent  through  the 
Rockies  at  the  lower  altitudes;  flowering  in 
June  and  July. 


ioo  Ranunculaceae 

Ranunculus  Smooth»  3-"  inches  high,  1-3- 
Eschscholt-  flowered.  Leaves  round  in  out- 
zii  Schi.  Hne,  those  at  the  root  all  3-5- 

parted  and  deeply  cut,  their 
Buttercup.  ..  1  ,  ,.  . 

obovate  or  wedge-shaped  divi- 
sions mostly  lobed  or  narrowly  cut,  stem- 
leaves  similar  with  oblong  to  spatulate  or 
lanceolate,  often  entire  divisions.  Flowers 
bright  yellow;  petals  5,  a  third  of  an  inch 
or  more  long. 

Frequent  at  the  higher  altitudes,  blooming 
close  to  the  melting  snow,  throughout  the 
region;  flowering  in  June  and  July. 

Ranunculus  Similar  in  habit  to  the  previous 
alpeophilus  species  though  usually  larger, 
A.  Nelson.  bright  green  and  nearly  smooth 
throughout.  Leaves  sparingly  hairy  on  the 
margins,  the  basal  broader  and  less  divided. 
Flowers  pale  yellow,  J  of  an  inch  or  more 
broad;  petals  little  longer  than  the  calyx. 
Along  streams  and  in  moist  grounds,  an 
alpine  species  frequent  throughout  the 
Rockies;  flowering  in  June  and  July. 


* 


X> 

SI 

*  « 


«: 


Ranunculaceae  101 

Ranunculus  Stems  about  4  inches  long,  de- 
saxicola.  cumbent  or  ascending,  smooth. 
Rydb.  Basal  leaves  on  petioles  2  inches 

long,  rounded,  somewhat  hairy  when  young, 
3-lobed,  lobes  spreading  and  toothed,  stem- 
leaves  1-3,  nearly  sessile,  cleft  into  3-7  linear 
lobes.  Flowers  about  J  an  inch  broad,  sepals 
tinged  with  brown,  half  the  length  of  the 
petals,  broad,  obovate,  obtuse,  slightly  hairy ; 
petals  broadly  obovate,  bright  yellow ;  achenes 
more  or  less  hairy,  with  a  straight  style. 

Throughout  the  Rockies  in  stony  ground  at 
the  higher  altitudes ;  flowering  in  July. 

Ranunculus  Stems  rather  stout,  6-12  inches 
inamoenus.  high,  slightly  hairy.  Root  leaves 
Greene.  on  short  petioles,  rounded,  cre- 

nate-toothed  or  3-lobed,  stem  leaves  sessile 
and  cut  into  3-6  oblong-lanceolate  segments. 
Flowers  |  of  an  inch  or  more  broad,  usually 
several  together  on  short  slender  peduncles; 
petals  obovate-oblong,  light  yellow;  achenes 
small,  hairy. 

In  open  ground  sparingly  throughout  the 


102  Ranunculaceae 

Rockies  at  the  lower   elevations;    flowering 
in  June. 

Ranunculus      Stem  3-6  inches  high,  smooth, 
Suksdorfii        slender,     1-3  -flowered.      Leaves 

A.  Gray.  i     an    'm^    Qr    more    long,    sub- 

reniform  or  broadly  fan-shaped  with  wedge- 
shaped  base,  deeply  3-5-cleft  or  parted,  the 
radical  into  cuneate  3-5  -cleft  or  incised  divis- 
ions, those  of  the  stem  linear.  Flowers  bright 
yellow  ;  petals  round-obovate,  J-J  an  inch  long. 
In  moist  ground  on  slopes,  throughout 
the  Rockies;  flowering  in  June. 

StemS   hair       6~10   incheS 


Ranunculus 

eximius  branching.     Leaves   few,    basal, 

Greene.  rounded    in    outline,    ternately 

Low  lobed,  sometimes  deeply  so,  on 

slender  petioles;  stem  leaves 
sessile  or  nearly  so,  cut  into  narrowly  linear 
or  linear-lanceolate  lobes.  Flowers  f  of  an 
inch  or  more  broad,  petals  spreading,  bright 
yellow  and  shining  on  the  upper  surface; 
sepals  not  reflexed. 

A  showy  low  buttercup  in  the  dry  open 
valleys  in  the  Rockies;  flowering  in  June. 


Aquilegia  brevistyla  Hook.    (%    Nat.) 
Small  Blue  Columbine. 


Ranunculaceae 


103 


Ranunculus 
montanensis 
Rydb. 

Meadow 
Buttercup. 


Stem  stout,  1-2  feet  high, 
branching  with  long  rough  hairs. 
Basal  leaves  long,  hairy  all  over, 
3 -parted,  the  divisions  again 
divided  or  cut  into  linear  or 
lanceolate  segments;  petioles  3  or  4  inches 
long;  stem-leaves  similar  but  short  petioled. 
Flowers  few,  large ;  sepals  broadly  ovate  with 
silky  hairs ;  petals  broadly  ovate,  nearly  half 
an  inch  long,  bright  yellow;  head  of  achenes, 
globose ;  style  long,  slender,  and  much  curved. 
Frequent  in  the  Rockies  at  the  lower 
altitudes  in  more  or  less  shaded  grassy 
situations;  flowering  in  June  and  July. 


Stems  creeping  and  rooting  at 
the  joints,  1-7- flowered.  Leaves 
broadly  ovate,  coarsely  crenate, 
clustered  at  the  base  and  joints 
of  the  long  slender  runners. 
Flowers  J  of  an  inch  across; 

petals  light  yellow,  longer  than  the  sepals; 

fruit  in  oblong  heads. 

A  common  species  throughout  the  Rockies 


Halerpestes 

Cymbalaria 

(Pursh.) 

Green. 

Creeping 

Crowfoot. 


104  Ranunculaceae 

in  damp  ground,  frequently  forming  mats 
several  feet  across;  flowering  continuously 
throughout  the  summer. 

Stems  erect,    2-12   inches  high, 
Caltha  lep- 
tosepala  1-2 -flowered.      Leaves  roundish 

Hook.  or  oblong-cordate,  longer    than 

White  broad,        irregularly       crenate- 

Marsh  toothed;  sepals  6-8,  lanceolate, 

Marigold.  -11  *-.  i 

|  of  an  inch  long,  white,  strongly 

suffused  with  blue  on  the  outside;  stamens 
numerous;  pistils  5-15. 

In  springy  ground  and  wet  alpine  meadows 
throughout  the  region,  often  growing  in  such 
abundance  as  to  make  the  meadows  brilliant 
with  the  blue  and  white  flowers,  which  appear 
soon  after  the  snow  has  left  the  ground  in 
June  and  July. 

Trollius  Stem    erect,    6-12    inches   high, 

albiflorus  more  or  less  branching.     Leaves 

(A.  Gray.)  palmately  divided,  the  segments 

Ry  b>  many    cleft.      Flowers    solitary, 

Western 

Globe-  I~Ii    incnes    broad,    subtended 

flower  by    a    wliorl    of    leaves;    sepals 


a  Caltha  leptosepala  Hook. 
6  Trollius  albiflorus    (A.  Gray)    Rydb.     Western  Globe-Flower. 

(%  Nat.) 


Ranunculaceae  105 

broadly  obovate  5-6,  pure  white  tinged  on 
the  back  with  greenish  rose;  petals  15-20, 
less  than  J  of  an  inch  long,  narrowly  truncate, 
bright  yellow,  nearly  concealed  by  the  num- 
erous stamens. 

One  of  the  most  abundant  and  conspicuous 
of  the  spring  flowers  of  the  alpine  meadows, 
and  marshy  borders  of  alpine  streams  and 
lakes,  commencing  to  flower  when  but  a  few 
inches  high  on  the  edges  of  the  melting  snow 
in  May  and  June. 

slender, 


Aquilegia 

brevistyla         sparingly  branched.    Leaves,  the 
Hook.  basal    long-petioled,     biternate, 

Small  Blue        lobed     and     crenate>     the     stem 

Columbine. 

leaves  few,  nearly  sessile  and 
lobed.  Flowers  J  an  inch  or  more  long, 
nodding,  sepals  blue,  petals  creamy-white 
with  a  short  blue  spur  not  more  than  \  of 
an  inch  long;  styles  and  stamens  hardly 
exceeding  the  petals. 

In  open  rocky  situations,  rather  local, 
common  in  the  region  around  Banff,  flower- 
ing in  May  and  June. 


io6  Ranunculaceae 

Aquilegia  StemS    smootn>     i~3     feet 

flavescens  branched.  Leaves  ternate,  leaf- 
S.  Wats.  lets  round-cordate,  3-parted,  the 

Yellow  segments  coarsely  toothed,  2-3- 

Columbine. 

cleft.     Flowers  yellow,  an  inch 

or  more  long,  nodding;  sepals  reflexed,  ob- 
long-ovate, acute,  longer  than  the  spurs; 
petals  spreading  with  a  spur  half  an  inch 
long;  styles  and  stamens  nearly  equal,  much 
exserted. 

The  commonest  columbine  throughout 
the  region,  growing  in  woods  and  on  slopes 
up  to  8000  feet,  varying  greatly  in  colour; 
flowering  in  June  and  July  according  to  the 
elevation. 

)   Aquilegia  Stem    2~4    feet   hi&h'    brancnm§» 

formosa  sparingly  pubescent  with  spread- 

Fisch.  ing    hairs.      Leaves,    the    lower 

Western  triternately  parted  on  long  peti- 

Columbine.  i  '       '  j 

oles,  the  upper  sessile  and  ter- 
nate or  reduced  to  simple  bracts,  leaflets 
broadly  wedge-shaped,  3 -cleft.  Flowers  scar- 
let, drooping,  more  than  an  inch  long; 


a   Aquilegia  flavescens  S.  Wats.     Yellaw  Columbine. 


b   Aquilegia  formosa  Fisch.     Western  Columbine. 


Nat.) 


Ranunculaceae  107 

sepals  scarlet  varying  to  orange,  spreading 
or  reflexed,  an  inch  long,  lanceolate,  acute; 
petals  yellow,  more  or  less  spreading,  with 
a  scarlet  spur  about  the  length  of  the  sepals ; 
styles  and  stamens  exserted. 

Throughout  the  Selkirks,  in  moist 
ground,  on  slopes  and  borders  of  rocky 
alpine  streams,  flowering  during  July  and 
late  June. 

Delphinium  Stem  tal1'  2~5  feet  hiSh>  leafY' 
Brownii  Leaves  mostly  orbicular  in  out- 

Rydb.  line,  5-y-parted,  the  upper  into 

Western  narrow-cleft,  laciniate  divisions, 

Larkspur. 

petioled.     Flowers  nodding,  less 

than  an  inch  long,  dull  purple,  bluish  or 
occasionally  white,  numerous  in  an  elon- 
gated spike ;  sepals  5 ,  blue,  J  of  an  inch  long, 
not  spreading,  the  upper  one  prolonged  into 
a  spur,  half  an  inch  long;  petals  white,  nearly 
as  long  as  the  sepals. 

Frequent  in  the  region  around  Banff  in 
open  woods  at  the  lower  altitudes,  flowering 
in  July. 


io8  Ranunculaceae 

Delphinium  Sparingly  leafy,  10-18  inches 
Menziesii  tall,  from  a  tuberous  rootstock. 
DC.  Blue  Leaves,  the  lowest  round-reni- 
ar  spur.  form,  cut  into  irregular,  oblong, 
obtuse  lobes,  the  upper  with  linear,  acute 
lobes.  Flowers  few  in  a  simple  panicle, 
sepals  lanceolate,  obtuse,  f  of  an  inch  or  more 
long,  spreading,  brilliant  blue,  about  as  long 
as  the  short  curved  spur;  petals  exserted, 
white  with  purple  veins. 

Throughout  the  region  in  open  ground 
and  on  grassy  slopes ;  flowering  in  early  June 
or  later  according  to  the  altitude. 

a  ar  Stems  erect,  2-3  feet  high, 
guta  Nutt.  smooth  except  the  inflorescence. 
Western  Red  Leaves  large,  ternately  com- 
Baneberry.  pound,  the  basal  leaf  long  peti- 
oled,  the  divisions  long  petioled  and  pin- 
nate, leaflets  ovate,  ij~5  inches  long,  cut 
with  sharp  teeth.  Raceme  ovoid,  1-2 
inches  long;  flowers  small,  white,  with 
petal-like  sepals;  petals,  4-10  spatulate 
and  minute  ;  stamens  numerous  ;  berries  in  a 


II 

11 


Berberidaceae  109 

spreading  raceme,  small,  spherical,  and 
purplish  red. 

Frequent  in  the  rich  woods  throughout 
the  region,  at  the  lower  altitudes;  flowering 
in  late  May  and  early  June. 

Actaea  Similar  to  the  preceding  species 

eburnea  an(j   often  growing  with  it  and 

difficult  to  distinguish   from  it 

Western 

White  when   in  flower:   in  fruit,    how- 

Baneberry.  ever,  they  are  quite  distinct.  In 
A.  eburnea  the  berries  are  fully  twice  as 
large,  nearly  half  an  inch  long  and  a  quarter 
of  an  inch  in  diameter  and  pure  waxy  white. 

In  rich  moist  woods  throughout  the 
Rockies;  flowering  with  the  other  species  in 
May  and  early  June;  fruiting  in  late  July. 


BERBERIDACEAE 
Barberry  Family 

Shrubs  or  herbs  with  alternate  or  basal 
leaves,  with  or  without  stipules,  and  solitary 
or  racemed,  mostly  terminal  flowers;  sepals 


1 1  o  Papaveraceae 

and  petals  generally  overlapping  in  several 
series;  stamens  as  many  as  the  petals  and 
opposite  them;  flowers  perfect. 

Berberis  ^  smooth,  trailing  shrub.  Leaves 

aquifolium  petioled,    pinnate,    leaflets    3-7, 

Pursh.  ovate  or  oval,  oblique,  obtuse, 

Trailing  truncate  or  slightly  cordate  at 

Mahonia.  -,  •   -, 

the  base,  sessile  thick,  persist- 
ent, finely  veiny,  1-2  inches  long,  with  spine- 
bearing  teeth.  Flowers  yellow,  in  several 
erect,  dense,  terminal  racemes;  berry  globose, 
blue  or  purple. 

A  straggling  shrub  with  spiny  glossy 
dark  green  leaves,  which  change  to  beauti- 
ful tints  of  scarlets  and  yellows  during  mid- 
summer and  autumn.  Frequent  in  the 
Rockies  in  woods;  flowering  in  June. 

PAPAVERACE^J 
Poppy  Family 

Herbs  with  milky  or  coloured  sap  and  al- 
ternate leaves  or  the  upper  rarely  opposite, 
flowers  perfect,  regular  or  irregular;  sepals  2, 


a   Delphinium  Menziesii   DC.     Blue   Larkspur. 
6    Lithophragma    parviflora     (Hook.)      Nutt.    Lithophragma. 

(%    Nat.) 


Brassicaceae  1 1 1 

rarely  3  or  4,  soon  falling  off;  petals  4-6  or 
rarely  more,  folded  together,  often  wrinkled ; 
stamens  numerous. 

Smooth,  4-12  inches  long,  dif- 
fusely   branching.      Leaves    all 

aureum 

(Willd.)  but     the    uppermost     petioled, 

Kuntze.  finely   cut   into   oblong-obovate 

Golden  or       wedge-shaped       segments. 

Corydalis. 

Flowers  numerous  in  an  oblong 

head,  bright  golden  yellow,  nearly  half  an 
inch  long;  spur  J  the  length  of  the  body  of 
the  corolla,  outer  petals  keeled,  not  crested; 
pods  spreading  or  pendulose,  torulose;  seeds 
obtuse,  margined,  shining,  obscurely  ridged. 
Frequent  throughout  the  Rockies  in  open 
ground  at  the  lower  altitudes  where  it  has 
been  recently  burned  or  cleared;  flowering 
during  most  of  the  summer. 

BRASSICACEAE 

Mustard  Family 

Herbs,  rarely  somewhat  woody,  with  wa- 
tery acrid  juice,  alternate  leaves  and  racemose 


1 1 2  Brassicaceae 

or  corymbose  white,  yellow,  or  pink  flowers; 
sepals  and  petals  4;  stamens  6,  rarely  fewer; 
pistil  i,  consisting  of  2  united  carpels. 

Pods  short;  silicles. 

Pod  compressed  parallel  to  the  partition.       Draba. 

Pod  compressed  contrary  to  the  partition,   ovate ; 

flowers  white.  Thlaspi. 

Pod  inflated,  obcordate;  flowers  yellow.       Physaria. 

Pods  elongated;  siliques. 

Pod  compressed  parallel  to  the  partition. 

Valves  nerveless;  flowers  white.  Cardamine. 

Valves  i -nerved;  flowers  white  or  pink.        Arabis. 
Pods  terete,  not  at  all  compressed. 
Pods  i£  inches  long  or  more. 

Flowers  yellow,  stigma  2-lobed.  Erysimum. 

Pods  less  than  i  J  inches  long. 

Leaves  grey  with  fine  hairs;  flowers  white. 

Smelowskia. 

Leaves  not  grey-hairy ;  flowers  yellow  or  white. 
Pubescence  of  simple  hairs.  Sisymbrium. 

Pubescence  of  forked  hairs. 

Leaves  pinnate  or  pinnatifid  ;  flowers  yellow. 

Sophia. 
Leaves  entire  or  nearly  so;  flowers  white. 

Braya. 
Smooth  throughout. 

Leaves  pinnate  or  pinnatifid ;  flowers  white. 

Roripa. 

Draba  Caudex  much  branched,  branches 

glacialis  short      and       slender.      Leaves 

Adams  strongly  keeled,  J-f  of  an  inch 

long,  more  or  less  loosely  stellate-pubescent, 


i! 

£3 


W    g 


Brassicaceae  113 

sometimes  ciliate  at  the  base.  Scapes  slen- 
der, J-6  inches  high,  hairy  or  nearly  smooth ; 
racemes  few-flowered ;  sepals  .  with  a  few 
long  hairs  or  smooth  petals  §  of  an  inch 
long,  pale  yellow,  darker  at  the  base;  pod  ' 
\  of  an  inch  or  more  long,  narrowly 
oblong,  acute  at  both  ends,  on  pedicels  \  of 
an  inch  or  more  long;  style  distinct. 

In  dry,  exposed  stony  places  throughout 
the  Rockies,  flowering  in  early  spring.  • 

Draba  Stems  much  branched  from  the 

oligosperma  root,  densely  tufted  at  the  base. 
Hook.  Leaves  erect,  linear,  obtuse, 

tapering  to  the  base,  stiff,  ciliate,  with  stel- 
late hairs  on  both  sides,  especially  toward 
the  apex.  Scapes  naked;  flowers  racemose; 
calyx  smooth  or  with  scattered  hairs,  petals 
white  or  pale  yellow,  obovate,  |  of  an  inch 
or  more  long,  pods  short,  nearly  orbicular, 
acute  at  the  apex,  more  or  less  rounded  at 
the  base,  sparingly  short-hairy,  |  of  an  inch 
long;  style  \  its  length. 

Alpine  summits  and  dry  ridges  throughout 


ii4  Brassicaceae 

the  Rockies;  flowering  in   May    and  June. 

Draba  Densely  caespitose.     Leaves  lin- 

andina  ear-oblong,  obtuse,  J  of  an  inch 

(Nutt.)  long    or    less,    stiff    and    rigid, 

A.  Nelson.  densely  imbricated,  forming  nu- 
merous small  rosettes:  stellate-pubescent  on 
both  sides.  Scapes  slender,  1-2  inches  high, 
few-flowered,  petals  pale  yellow  or  white,  J 
of  as.  inch  long;  twice  as  long  as  the  hairy 
calyx;  pods  |  of  an  inch  or  less  long  with 
short  stiff  hairs. 

On  exposed  rocks  and  alpine  summits 
throughout  the  Rockies,  frequent  in  the 
vicinity  of  Banff,  flowering  in  May  and  June. 

Caudex  with  numerous  slender 
Draba 
nivalis  matted    branches.      Leaves    in 

Liljb.  dense  tufts,  oblanceolate,  acutish 

Arctic  Whit-  with  a  rather  stout  mid-nerve, 
entire,  white-hairy,  with  dense 
stellate  pubescence,  not  at  all  ciliate  or 
slightly  so  near  the  base,  J  of  an  inch  long 
or  less.  Scapes  slender,  hairy,  1-3  inches 


o 


I 


03      03 

S  2 
.go 


Brassicaceae  1 1 5 

high,  calyx  hairy;  flowers  |  of  an  inch  high, 
the  white  petals  slightly  exceeding  the 
calyx;  pods  few,  usually  smooth,  oblong, 
acute  at  each  end,  J  of  an  inch  or  less  long 
on  short  pedicels  and  with  a  short  stout  style 
and  2-lobed  stigma. 

On  alpine  summits  and  exposed  ledges 
throughout  the  Rockies;  flowering  in  June. 

Draba  Ion-  Similar  to  the  preceding  species 
chocarpa  but  with  the  leaves  obtuse; 
Rydb.  pods  J-f  of  an  inch  long,  smooth, 

very  narrow  and  usually  more  or  less  twisted, 
on  slender  pedicels  J-J  an  inch  long. 

In  moist  or  shaded  ground,  on  alpine 
summits  or  on  ledges,  throughout  the 
Rockies;  flowering  in  June. 


Pubescent  throughout  with  short 
stellate  hairs ;  stems  rather  stout, 
erect,  frequently  several  from 
the  same  root;  leafy,  2-15  inches 
high.  Leaves  entire  or  few- 
toothed,  oblanceolate.  or  lanceolate,  stem 


Draba  aurea 
Vahl 
Golden 
Whitlow- 
grass. 


n6  Brassicaceae 

leaves  usually  narrowed  and  frequently 
ciliate  at  the  base,  J-2  inches  long.  Flowers 
bright  yellow  in  an  elongated  leafy  raceme; 
calyx  smooth  or  somewhat  hairy;  petals 
elliptic,  less  than  J  of  an  inch  long;  pods 
lanceolate  to  linear,  acute,  hairy,  often 
twisted,  J-J  an  inch  long  on  peduncles  half 
their  length. 

Frequent  in  dry  open  ground  at  the  lower 
altitudes  throughout  the  Rockies;  flowering 
in  June. 

Draba  in-  Erect,     simple,      or     somewhat 

cana  L.  branched,    leafy,    stellate- pubes- 

Hoary  cent    throughout,    6-12    inches 

Whitlow-  higk   Leayes   lanceolatej    oblan_ 

.    '  ceolate  or  ovate,  J-i  inch   long, 

acute  or  obtuse,  dentate  or  nearly  entire; 
flowers  white,  f  of  an  inch  or  less  broad ;  petals 
notched,  twice  as  long  as  the  sepals;  pod 
oblong  or  lanceolate,  acute  J-J  an  inch  long 
on  nearly  erect  pedicels  about  J  their  length. 
Throughout  the  region  in  moist  ravines; 
flowering  during  June. 


•JUPPE?  '  ^*£>«^. 


s 


Brassicaceae  1 1 7 

Other  species  of  Draba  occur  in  the  region 
but  being  neither  common  nor  striking  it  is 
deemed  out  of  place  to  describe  them 
here. 

Thias  i  Decumbent  or  erect,  6-12  inches 

arvense  L.  high,  simple  or  much  branched 
Penny-cress,  above.  Leaves  spatulate  or 
oblong,  obtuse,  obtusely-  or  runcinately- 
toothed  or  angled.  Flowers  small,  white, 
in  a  compact  head;  pods  large,  J  an  inch 
broad,  orbicular  or  nearly  so,  strongly  winged 
and  compressed. 

In  moist  low  ground  and  waste  places 
throughout  the  Rockies,  flowering  in  June. 

Ph    aria          Densely  stellate,  canescent,  pale 

didymo-  green,  root  long  and  deep.  Stems 

carpa  decumbent  or  ascending,  slender, 

simple,  3-12  inches  long.  Leaves 

A.  Gray. 

Double  spatulate,    the    basal   ones    ob- 

Bladder-  tuse,  entire  or  few  lobed,  nar- 
pod.  rowed  into  margined  petioles; 

stem   leaves    nearly    sessile,     acute,     much 


n8  •   Brassicaceae 

smaller.  Flowers  about  J  an  inch  broad, 
light  yellow  in  a  close  raceme,  2-5  inches 
long  in  fruit;  pods  much  inflated  and  vari- 
able, often  |  an  inch  thick. 

In  dry  clayey  and  stony  soil  and  on  slopes 
throughout  the  Rockies;  flowering  in  June. 

Smooth   or   rarely   with   a   few 

scattered  hairs;  stems  erect, 
pennsylva- 

nica  Muhl.       stout  or  slender,  8  inches  to  3 

Pennsyl-          feet  high ,  usually  much  branched , 

vama  somewhat    succulent,    leafy    up 

to   the   racemes.      Basal   leaves 

cress. 

2-6  inches  long,  the  terminal 
leaflet  obovate,  ovate  or  obcordate,  usually 
narrowed  at  the  base,  J-f  of  an  inch  wide, 
the  lateral  4-8  pairs  oblong,  oval  or  obovate, 
all  toothed  or  some  of  them  entire.  Flowers 
about  J  of  an  inch  broad,  white;  pods  very 
narrowly  linear,  J-i}  inches  long,  erect  when 
mature  on  ascending  pedicels. 

In  wet  shaded  places,  sparingly  through- 
out the  region;  flowering  during  June  and 

July. 


Brassicaceae  119 

Arabis    hir-     Stem  erect»   nearly  simple,    1-2 
suta  (L.)          feet  high,  roughly  hairy  or  nearly 

Scop.  Hairy     smooth.     Basal  leaves  on  mar- 
Rock-cress. 


petioles  forming  a  rosette, 
obovate  or  spatulate,  obtuse,  denticulate, 
1-2  inches  long;  stem  leaves  sessile,  clasping 
by  an  auriculate  base,  lanceolate  or  oblong. 
Flowers  \  of  an  inch  or  less  long,  white,  in 
a  strict,  elongated  raceme;  pods  narrowly 
linear,  erect  or  appressed,  1-2  inches  long. 
In  open  grounds  throughout  the  Rockies 
at  the  lower  altitudes  ;  flowering  in  June. 

Finely        stellately       pubescent 
Arabis   Hol- 

throughout;     stems     frequently 


Hornem.          several,  simple  or  branched,  erect 
Stony  i_2i    feet    high.      Root    leaves 

narrowly  oblanceolate,  entire,  an 
inch  or  less  long;  stem  leaves  linear-lanceo- 
late to  narrowly  oblong,  acute,  sagittate. 
Flowers  rosy  pink  or  rarely  white,  becoming 
more  or  less  reflexed,  J  of  an  inch  long;  pods 
more  or  less  abruptly  reflexed,  straight  or 
somewhat  curved  ij-2|  inches  long,  very 
narrowly  linear. 


1 20  Brassicaceae 

On  banks  and  stony  slopes  throughout 
the  Rockies;  flowering  in  June. 

Slightly  glaucous,   stems  erect; 

...     1-2    feet    high.      Root    leaves 
Drummondn 

A.  Gray.  narrowly  oblanceolate  more  or 
Drum-  less  hairy;  the  stem  leaves 

monds  oblong  or  linear-lanceolate,  1-2 

Rock-cress.         .  ' 

inches  long.     Flowers  white  or 

pinkish,  \  of  an  inch  long  in  a  close  panicle, 
elongated  in  fruit;  pods  erect  when  mature, 
slender,  1^-3  inches  long,  obtuse. 

In  open  ground  and  on  slopes  throughout 
the  Rockies,  flowering  in  June. 

Arabis  Low,    smooth,   throughout,     or 

Lyallii  sometimes  more  or  less  stellace- 

S.  Wats.         pubescent    below;  stem  simple, 

Lyall  s  several,  or  many  from  the  same 

Rock-cress. 

root.      Lower    leaves    spatulate 

or  linear-oblanceolate,  usually  J-i  inch  long, 
sometimes  longer;  stem  leaves  narrowly 
lanceolate  or  oblong,  sometimes  scarcely 
auricled.  Flowers  rose-colour,  \  of  an  inch 


Brassicaceae  1 2 1 

long;  pods  erect  or  ascending,  very  slender, 
straight  or  nearly  so,  1-2  inches  long. 

Alpine  meadows  and  slopes  at  the  higher 
elevations  throughout  the  Rockies,  flowering 
in  June  and  July. 

Erect,  10-18  inches  high,  cinere- 
ous and  rough  with  2 -parted  hairs, 
spicuum          Leaves   narrowly    linear-lanceo- 
(S.  Wats.)       late    or    oblong-linear,     mostly 
MacM.  entire,  the  root  leaves  crowded 

and  sometimes  repand  dentate. 

Mustard.  '  •  •'•• 

Flowers    sulphur    yellow    in    a 

compact  head,  elongated  in  fruit,  calyx  cam- 
panulate,  }  inch  high,  petals  J  longer,  the 
blades  spreading;  pods  slender,  erect  or  nearly 
so  at  maturity,  1-2  inches  long. 

In  gravelly  places,  common  on  the  eastern 
slopes  of  the  Rockies  at  the  lower  elevations, 
flowering  in  June. 

Smeiowskia  Very  variable  in  foliage,  finely 
calycina  stellate-pubescent  and  usually 

(Desv.) 

c  A  Me  er  cinereous-villous  with  larger  sin- 
Smelowskia.  gle  hairs ;  caud ex  stout ,  branched . 


122  Brassicaceae 

Leaves  soft  in  texture,  usually  deeply  pin- 
natifid  with  2-several  pairs  of  linear  to 
obovate,  obtuse  segments.  Stems  several, 
1-6  inches  high,  racemes  at  first  dense 
and  corymbose,  becoming  elongated  in  fruit. 
Flowers  white  with  exserted  broad  rounded 
petals  |  of  an  inch  or  more  long;  pods 
usually  lanceolate,  tapering  to  each  end. 

On  alpine  summits  through  the  Rockies; 
not  common;  flowering  in  June  and  July. 

Erect,  2-4  feet  high,freely  branch- 
Sipymbrium 

altissimum  ing»  smooth  or  nearly  so.  Lower 
L.  Tall  leaves  runcinate-pinnatifid,  peti- 

Hedge  oled,  the  lobes  lanceolate,  often 

auriculate;  upper  leaves  smaller, 
short  petioled,  or  usually  sessile,  very  deeply 
pinnatifid,  the  lobes  linear  or  lanceolate, 
dentate  or  entire,  the  uppermost  often  re- 
duced to  linear,  entire  bracts.  Flowers  pale 
yellow,  J  of  an  inch  broad  on  slender  spread- 
ing pedicels,  pods  very  narrowly  linear, 
divergent,  2-4  inches  long. 

At  the  lower  elevations  throughout  the 


Brassicaceae  123 

region  as  a  weed,  especially  on  the  line  of  the 
railway,  flowering  in  July. 

Stems   1-2   feet  high,  sparingly 
Sophia 
intermedia       greyish-puberulent,  especially  be- 

Rydb.  low,  or  sometimes  nearly  smooth, 

Western          often    glandular    above;    hairs 

more   or   less   stellate.      Leaves 

Mustard. 

twice  or  thnce-pmnatind,  the 
primary  divisions  oblanceolate  or  obovate, 
divided  to  near  the  midrib  into  linear  or 
linear-oblong  segments,  sparingly  puberulent. 
Raceme  rather  long,  flowers  small,  less  than 
I  of  an  inch  high;  petals  yellow;  peduncles 
diverging  sometimes  nearly  at  right  angles; 
pod  club-shaped. 

Common  throughout  the  Rockies  in  open 
places  at  the  lower  altitudes,  flowering,  in 
June  and  July. 

Braya  Erect  4-10  inches  high,  branch- 

humihs  -ng     below,     sparingly     hairy. 

Leaves    spatulate    or    oblanceo- 

Robmson. 

Northern          late,  the  lower  obtuse,  1-2  inches 

Rock-cress.       long,   narrowed    into  a    petiole, 


124  Brassicaceae 

sharply  dentate  or  rarely  entire,  the  upper 
smaller,  narrower,  often  acute.  Flowers 
white  or  pink  J  of  an  inch  or  more  broad, 
pedicels  erect,  J  of  an  inch  long  in  fruit; 
pods  nearly  terete,  narrowly  linear,  J-f 
of  an  inch  long,  valves  finely  nerved. 

In  moist  gravelly  or  stony  ground  through- 
out the  Rockies  at  the  lower  altitudes, 
flowering  in  June. 

Aquatic,  smooth,  branched,  float- 
Ronps. 

Nasturtium  ing  or  creeping,  rooting  from 
(L.)  Rusby.  the  joints.  Leaves  odd  pinnate 
Water-cress.  of  3_9  segments,  the  terminal 
one  larger  than  the  lateral,  all  obtuse, 
ovate  or  oval  or  the  terminal  one  near- 
ly orbicular  Racemes  elongated  in  fruit; 
flowers  white,  J  of  an  inch  or  more  broad ;  pod 
J-iJ  inches  long,  spreading  and  slightly 
curved  upwards,  on  pedicels  of  about  their 
length. 

In  ditches  and  shallow  pools  through 
the  Rockies,  especially  abundant  at 
Banff  in  the  warm  water  at  the  outlet 


Crassulaceae  125 

from    the    Basin;    flowering    through  June 
and  July. 


CRASSULACE^ 
Stone-Crop  Family 

Fleshy  smooth  herbs  with  alternate  leaves, 
and  perfect  flowers  in  terminal,  oftentimes 
i -sided  cymes.  Calyx  4~5-lobed;  petals  4-5, 
distinct,  stamens  twice  as  many  as  the  petals; 
carpels  4-5,  styles  short. 

Sedum  Perennial,  tufted,  smooth,  flow- 

stenopet-         ering  branches  3-7  inches  long. 

Leaves  alternate,  crowded,  sessile, 

Narrow 

Petaled  linear  J-J  an  inch  long,  entire. 

Stone-crop.  Flowers  bright  yellow,  nearly 
half  an  inch  broad  in  a  5-7-  forked,  compact 
cyme,  petals  narrowly  lanceolate,  very 
acute. 

Common  throughout  the  Rockies  in  moist, 
gravelly  or  sandy  soil,  on  river  shores,  and 
on  rocky  slopes,  flowering  in  June  and 

July. 


i26  Parnassiaceae 

PARNASSIACE^ 
Grass-of -Parnassus  Family 

Smooth  bog-herbs  with  a  rosette  of  basal 
leaves  and  generally  one  or  a  few  alternate 
stem  leaves  and  solitary,  terminal  flowers. 
Flowers  perfect;  calyx  generally  5-lobed  to 
near  the  base ;  petals  5 ;  perfect  stamens  5 ; 
staminodia  (imperfect  stamens)  in  clusters 
at  the  base  of  each  petal ;  stigmas  4. 

Leaves  tufted   at  the   base   on 
Parnassia 
fimbriata         petioles  2-6  inches  long;  blades 

Banks.  reniform    or    broadly    cordate, 

Fringed  |-i  an  inch  wide,  thin,  smooth, 

Grass-of-          with    about    7    principal    veins. 
Parnassus.  . 

Flowers  f  of  an  inch  or  more 
broad  on  a  scape  8-12  inches  high  with  a 
small  cordate  clasping  bract  about  the  mid- 
dle; sepals  i  of  an  inch  long,  elliptic,  obtuse; 
petals  obovate,  pure  white,  fringed  at  the 
base,  staminodia  united  into  5  fleshy 
obovate  scales. 

Common  throughout  the  region  in  springy 


n'   & 
•£    £-1 


Parnassiaceae  127 

places  and  damp  mossy  banks  at  the  lower 
altitudes,  flowering  during  July. 

Parnassia  Leaves  tufted  at  the  base  on 
montanensis  short  petioles',  blades  ovate  with 
Rydb.  and  a  cordate  or  rounded  base  }  of 

Fernald. 

Marsh  an  inch  long.    Flowers  solitary, 

Grass-of-  on  scapes  8  inches  or  more  high 
Parnassus.  with  a  large  ovate  bract  below 
the  middle;  sepals  lanceolate,  acute,  }  of  an 
inch  or  more  long,  petals  oval  to  elliptic  only 
slightly  larger  than  the  sepals;  staminodial 
scales  with  7-9  gland- tipped  filaments. 

Throughout  the  Rockies  in  marshy  ground 
and  shaded  river  shores;  flowering  in  June 
and  early  July. 

Scapes  slender,  4-12  inches  high, 
Parnassia  . 

parviflora         usually  bearing  a  clasping  oval 

DC.  Small-  leaf  at  the  middle.  Basal  leaves 
•flowered  on  slender  petioles,  oval  or  ovate, 

Grass-of-         narrowed  at  the  base,  not  cor- 

Parnassus.  -11  ™ 

date,  J-i  inch  long.  Flowers 
about  J  of  an  inch  broad,  sepals  equalling  or 
somewhat  shorter  than  the  elliptic  sessile 


128  Saxifragaceae 

petals;  staminodia  5-7  at  the  base  of  each 
petal. 

In  wet  gravelly  places  at  the  lower  altitudes 
throughout  the  Rockies;  flowering  in  July. 

Much    smaller    than    the    pre- 
Parnassia  .  -011 

Kotzebuei        cea-ing    species.       Basal    leaves 

Cham,  and      ^ew  on  petioles  less  than  an  inch 


Schl.  long;  blades  broadly  ovate,  J  an 

Alpine  jncn  long.     Flowers  on  slender 

Grass-of-  .      ,         ...          .  , 

scapes  2-4  inches  high,  without 

Parnassus. 

any  bract;  sepals  oblong,  abput 

J  of  an  inch  long,  equalling  or  exceeding  the 
elliptic  or  oval  3  -veined  petals;  staminodia 
short  with  3-5  slender  filaments. 

Throughout  the  Rockies  at  high  altitudes 
on  the  gravelly  borders  of  alpine  ponds  or 
brooks,  a  very  diminutive  species,  flowering 
in  July. 

SAXIFRAGACEAE 
Saxifrage  Family 

Stemmed  or  stemless  herbs  with  alternate 
or  sometimes  opposite  or  more  frequently 


Saxifragaceae  129 

basal  leaves;  flowers  perfect,  racemose, 
cymose  or  paniculate ;  calyx  5-lobed  or  parted ; 
petals  4  or  5,  white,  yellow  or  greenish  or 
sometimes  rose-coloured;  stamens  equal  or 
twice  the  number  of  the  petals;  carpels  i- 
several,  distinct  or  united. 

Placentae  parietal. 

Flowers  solitary  and  axillary ;  sepals  4 ;  stamens  4-8. 

Chr  y  so  splenium . 

Flowers  in  more  or  less  elongated  racemes. 
Flowers  with  2  or  3  equal  carpels. 

Flower-stalk  axial  from  a  bulbiferous  rootstock. 

Lithophragma. 
Flower-stalk  a  lateral  shoot  from  a  stout  scaly 

rootstock. 
Inflorescence  racemose. 

Petals  pinnately  cut  or  pinnatifid. 

Base  of  the  calyx  campanulate  deeper 
than  the  length  of  the  sepals. 

Tellima. 

Base  of  the  calyx  saucer-shaped,   shal- 
lower than  the  length  of  the  sepals. 
Ovary  more  than  half  superior;  disc 
inconspicuous.  Mitella. 

Ovary   wholly   inferior,    covered   with 
the    prominent    disc.         Pectiantia. 
Inflorescence   paniculate.  Heuchera. 

Flowers  with  2  very  unequal  carpels. 

Tiarella. 
Placentas   axial. 

Base  of  the  calyx  well  developed,  at  maturity  longer 
than  the  sepals. 


1 3°  Saxifragaceae 


Stamens    5,    plant    with    short    bulblet    bearing 
rootstock.  Hemieva. 

Stamens  10. 

Plants  without  caudices;  only  producing  annual 

flowering  stems.  Saxifraga. 

Plants  with  perennial  leafy  caudices,  often  with 

offsets.  Muscaria. 

Base  of  the  calyx  only  slightly  developed,  unchanged 

at  maturity. 

Leaves  alternate,  sometimes  all  basal. 
Plants  stemless. 

Corolla  regular,  petals  about  equal  in  shape 

and  length.  Micranthes. 

Corolla  irregular  petals  of  different  shape  and 

length.  Spatularia. 

Plants  with  stems. 

Carpels  distinct ;  leaf -blades  toothed. 

Leptarrhena. 
Carpels  partially  united ;  leaf -blades  entire. 

Leptasea. 

Leaves  opposite  except  sometimes  on  the  flower- 
stalks.  Antiphylla. 

Perennial  with  a  slender  creeping 
Chrysos- 
plenium  rootstock;     stems     iJ-6    inches 

tetrandrum  high,  branched  above.  Leaves  al- 
Th.  Fries.  ternate,  the  lower  ones  on  petioles 
Golden  I-2  inches  long;  blades  thick, 

Saxifrage.  . 

remform,  §  an  inch  or  less  wide, 
crenate  with  3-5  broad  teeth,  shining  above, 
paler  beneath,  upper  ones  larger  and  more 


Saxifragaceae 


13* 


or  less  wedge-shaped.  Flowers  in  small 
clusters  in  the  axils  of  the  upper  leaves; 
sepals  4;  stamens  4  opposite  the  sepals. 

In  shaded  damp  ground  in  the  wooded 
areas  through  the  Rockies  at  an  elevation  of 
5000  to  6000  feet,  where  it  often  forms  dense 
green  carpets,  the  inconspicuous  little  flowers 
coming  into  blossom  in  June. 


Litho- 
phragma 
parviflora 
(Hook.) 

Nutt. 

Lithophrag 

ma. 


Stems  4-12  inches  high,  slightly 
glandular-hairy,  from  a  slender 
creeping  rootstock  with  rosy 
bulblets.  Leaves  palmately 
divided  to  the  base  into  3-5 
divisions,  J-i  inch  long,  twice 
ternately  cleft  into  oblong  or 
linear  divisions;  lower  ones  on  petioles  1-2 
inches  long;  stem  leaves  i  or  2  similar, 
sessile.  Flowers  3-8  in  a  slender  raceme, 
base  of  the  calyx  and  sepals  J  of  an  inch 
long;  petals  pure  white,  deeply  3-5  cut  into 
narrowly  oblong  divisions. 

On    grassy    slopes    and   gravelly    places 
throughout  the  Rockies;  flowering  in  June. 


132  Saxifragaceae 

T2llima  Flowering  branches  1-2  feet  high, 

grandiflora       with  long  rough  hairs,  glandular 
(Pursh.)  above.     Leaves  reniform  or  cor- 

date,     sparingly      rough-hairy, 

lellima. 

round  lobed,  and  toothed  with 
broadly  ovate  teeth;  1^-4  inches  broad  on 
hairy  petioles  4-8  inches  long;  stem  leaves 
short- petioled  with  well-developed  stipules. 
Flowers  numerous  in  an  elongated  raceme ; 
sepals  ovate  J  of  an  inch  long;  petals  white, 
purplish  or  pink  with  a  pinnately  cut  blade; 
claws  broadly  wedge-shaped,  f  of  an  inch 
long,  erect,  blade  spreading  or  reflexed  with 
a  rounded  ovate  body  and  tapering  thread- 
like lobes. 

Moist  woods  and   crevices  in   the  rocks, 
abundant  in  the  Selkirks;  flowering  in  June. 

Perennial,      from      a       slender 
Mitella  nuda 
L  Naked         branched    rootstock,    producing 

Bishop's-         long    runners    in    late   summer; 
CaP-  flowering     branches     scape-like, 

naked,  or  rarely  with  a  small  leaf,  2-8  inches 
high,     sparingly    hairy.        Leaves    reniform 


•f 


\ 


Saxifragacese  133 

f-2  inches  in  diameter,  rounded,  crenate  or 
lobed,  on  petioles  1-3  inches  long.  Flowers 
few,  in  a  loose  raceme,  saucer-shaped :  calyx 
about  J  of  an  inch  broad,  greenish-yellow; 
petals  spreading  about  twice  as  long  as 
the  sepals,  greenish-yellow,  pinnately  divided 
into  thread-like  divisions,  resembling  snow 
crystals  in  form. 

Common  in  the  cool  woods  and  shaded 
mossy  bogs  throughout  the  Rockies;  flower- 
ing in  June. 

Flowering    branches    scape-like, 
Pectiantia 

pentandra  4-12  inches  high,  naked.  Leaves 
(Hook.)  broadly  crenate  with  9-11  more 

Rydb.  or    iess    distinc,t    round    lobes, 

Mitrewort.          . ,  .  1-1         i  1  ,• 

thin,  1-2 \  inches  broad  on  peti- 
oles, 2-4  inches  long.  Flowers  J  of  an  inch  . 
broad  in  a  slender  loose  raceme,  green  or 
often  purplish  inside;  sepals  broadly  tri- 
angular-ovate, obtuse,  and  recurved;  petals 
yellowish,  deeply  cut  into  slender  thread- 
like divisions,  twice  as  long  as  the  calyx; 
stamens  5,  opposite  the  petals. 


i34  Saxifragacese 

Throughout  the  region  in  cool  woods  and 
shaded  springy  spots;  flowering  in  early 
June  at  the  higher  altitudes. 

Pectiantia  Flowering  branches   4-8   inches 

Breweri  high*     leafless.       Leaves     thin, 

(A.  Gray.)  broadly    reniform    with    many 

Rydb.  shallow  rounded  lobes;  petioles 

Mitrewort. 

2-4  inches  long.     Flowers  in  a 

loose  raceme,  green,  occasionally  in  pairs; 
calyx  |  of  an  inch  wide;  sepals  obtuse  and 
reflexed;  petals  deeply  cut  into  thread-like 
divisions  about  twice  as  long  as  the  sepals; 
stamens  5,  opposite  the  sepals. 

In  damp  woods  throughout  the  region, 
growing  with  the  previous  species;  flowering 

in  early  June. 

\ 

Heuchera  Flowering  stems  slender,  4-20 
glabra'  inches  high,  smooth,  1-3 -leaved. 

Willd.  Basal    leaves    on    petioles,    2-8 

Smooth  inches  long,  cordate,  deeply  5-7- 

Alum-root.  . 

lobed,  thin,  shining,  1-4  inches 

broad  and  as  long  or  slightly  longer,  lobes 


Saxifragaceae  135 

triangular-ovate,  acute,  doubly  and  sharply 
serrate.  Flowers  in  a  loose  panicle  2-6  inches 
long;  calyx  with  the  turbinate  base  about 
|  of  an  inch  long,  sparingly  fringed  with  hairs ; 
petals  white,  broadly  spatulate,  acute,  about 
twice  as  long  as  the  sepals;  stamens  much 
exserted,  with  scarlet  and  orange  anthers. 

On  damp  shaded  rocks,  especially  abun- 
dant in  the  Selkirks  in  the  vicinity  of  Glacier. 

Flowering  branches  naked, 
Heuchera  »  . 

ovaiifolia         densely     glandular-hairy,      1-2 

Nutt.  feet  high-    Leaves  round-oval,  J- 

Round-  ij  inches  broad,  }-2  inches  long, 

leaved  rounded,    slightly    heart-shaped 

Alum-root. 

at  the  base,  round- lobed  and 
crenate  with  bristle-tipped  teeth.  Flowers 
in  a  short  dense  raceme  less  than  4  inches 
long,  the  deeply  campanulate,  yellowish, 
densely  hairy  base  of  the  calyx,  with  the 
broadly  oblong  sepals  J  of  an  inch  long, 
petals  usually  wanting. 

On  dry  rocky  banks  and  hillsides  through- 
out the  region,  flowering  in  midsummer. 


136  Saxifragaceae 

Flowering  branches  6-15  inches 
Tiarella 

unifoliata  hi£h'  i-4-leaved.  Leaves  broad- 
Hook,  ly  cordate,  coarsely  3~5-lobed 
Foam  with  broadly  ovate-acute  lobes, 
doubly  crenate  with  mucronate 
teeth;  stem  leaves  short- petioled,  basal,  on 
petioles  2-6  inches  long.  Flowers  in  a  narrow 
panicle ;  sepals  whitish  ovate-oblong,  T\  of  an 
inch  long,  the  linear-subulate,  white  petals 
and  stamens  fully  three  times  as  long;  car- 
pels oblong- acute,  nearly  half  an  inch  long 
in  fruit. 

Abundant  in  damp  rich  woods  throughout 
the  region  often- times  carpeting  the  ground ; 
flowering  in  June, 

Light  yellowish-green;  stems  8- 
Hemieva 

ranunculi-  IO  inches  high  from  a  rosy- 
folia  bulbous  rootstock.  Leaves  ter- 
(Hook.)  nately  divided  to  the  base,  the 

middle  division  broadly  wedge- 

Hemieva. 

shaped,  |-i  inch  long,  rounded, 
3-lobed,  the  lateral  ones  oblique  and  4-lobed ; 
basal,  on  petioles  2-4  inches  long,  stem 


in. 


Saxifragaceae  1 3  7 

leaves  on  short  petioles  dilated  at  the  base, 
the  uppermost  sessile,  merely  3-lobed  at  the 
apex.  Flowers  showy  in  a  short  dense 
corymb;  the  base  of  the  calyx  and  sepals 
yellowish-green  about  J  of  an  inch  long; 
petals  white  or  yellowish,  broadly  spatulate, 
1  of  an  inch  long;  stamens  5,  opposite  the 
sepals,  filaments  and  carpels  more  or  less 
rosy  in  colour. 

On  wet  rocky  slopes  in  the  Selkirks  at 
Glacier,  not  common;  flowering  in  June. 

Stems  1-3!  inches  tall,  tufted, 
Saxifraga 

rivularisL.  smooth  or  nnelY  glandular- 
Alpine-  hairy.  Leaves  reniform  in  out- 

Brook  line,   |-i  an  inch  broad,  thick, 

Saxifrage.  mainly  3_iobed,  those  of  the 
stem  sometimes  entire,  short  petioled  or 
sessile;  basal  leaves  on  slender  petioles  an 
inch  or  more  long.  Flowers  small,  base  of 
the  calyx  and  sepals  |  of  an  inch  long ;  petals 
oblong,  or  broadly  wedge-shaped,  white, 
slightly  larger  than  the  sepals. 

An  inconspicuous  little  plant  growing  on 


138  Saxifragaceae 

wet  rocks  and  beside  alpine  brooks  at  high 
altitudes  throughout  the  region;  flowering 
during  midsummer. 

0    ,f  Stems    3-8    inches    tall,    leafy, 

Saxifraga 

cemua  L.  somewhat  glandular-hairy, 
Nodding  growing  in  groups.  Leaves  reni- 
Bulbous  £orm  in  outiine  i-i  inch  wide; 

the  basal  and  lower  stem-leaves 
long-petioled  prominently,  3-7  lobed,  the 
lobes  linear  to  triangular-lanceolate;  the 
upper  stem  leaves,  3-5-lobed.  Flowers  repre- 
sented by  clusters  of  rosy  bulblets,  except 
a  single  terminal  one  with  the  base  of  the 
calyx  and  sepals  J  of  an  inch  long,  and  wedge- 
shaped,  the  clawless  white  petals  nearly  half 
an  inch  long. 

A  rather  -striking  alpine  plant  growing 
on  wet  rocks  at  Lake  Louise  and  Moraine 
Lake;' -flowering  in  midsummer. 

Muscaria  Somewhat  glandular-hairy,  1-4 
adscendens  inches  tall.  Leaves  J-J  of  an 
(L.)  Small.  inch  long,  mainly  wedge-shaped 
QT  spatulatej  3_toothed  or  those 


Sfc 

a  g> 


Saxifragaceae  139 

of  the  stem  entire.  Flower-stalks  spar- 
ingly branched  above  or  throughout; 
sepals  ovate  or  oblong-ovate  ^-J  of  an 
inch  long,  acute  or  obtuse;  petals  white, 
wedge-shaped  to  oblong  wedge-shaped,  a 
third  longer  than  the  sepals,  the  claws 
slender  or  stout. 

An  alpine  species  with  rosettes  of  basal 
leaves,  not  infrequent  throughout  the 
Rockies,  along  streams,  and  on  shaded 
rocks ;  flowering  in  midsummer. 


Glandular-hairy,  2-6  inches  tall. 
Muscaria  T 

cses  itosa        Leaves    crowded    at    the    base, 

(L.)  Haw.  sometimes  densely  so;  blades 
Tufted  J-J  of  an  inch  long,  3-lobed  at 

Saxifrage.          ^Q    apex>    the    lobeg    lanceolate 

or  linear.  Flower-stalks  stout,  3-few- 
flowered,  each  bearing  2-3  leaves,  base  of 
the  calyx  |  to  fV  of  an  inch  high,  tur- 
binate  at  the  base,  sepals  ovate  to  ovate- 
lanceolate,  TV-J  of  an  inch  long;  petals 
white,  narrowly  obovate  or  oblong-ovate,  J  of 


140  Saxifragaceae 

an  inch  or  more  long,  rounded  at  the  apex. 
An  alpine  species  growing  on  moist,  shaded 
rocks  throughout  the  Rockies,  frequent,  often 
forming  tufts  of  considerable  size;  flowering 
in  June. 

Leaves  forming  a  rosette,  spread- 

Micranthes         .  . 

rhomboidea  lng  or  ascending  f-2  inches  long, 
(Greene)  ovoid  or  rhombic-ovoid,  obtuse, 
Small.  crenulate  or  dentate-serrate, 

Alpine  nearly  smooth  except  the  .ciliate 

Saxifrage. 

margins,    mainly    green,    some- 
times purplish  beneath,  abruptly  or  gradu- 
ally narrowed  into  petiole-like  bases,  which 
are    occasionally    larger    than    the    blades. 
__  Flowers  in  a  compact  terminal  head  on  a 

copiously  glandular,  naked  scape  3-10  inches 
^*~      x~ 

high ;  sepals  ovate  to  triangular  TV-|  of  an 

inch  long  barely  if  at  all  ciliate,  3-veined; 
petals  white,  obovate  or  oblong-ovate,  twice 
as  long  as  the  sepals,  notched  at  the  apex, 
seed  pods  green  or  purplish,  the  points 
spreading. 

A  frequent  alpine  plant  in  the  more  or 


o 

. 


03 

II 

¥ 

13 


Saxifragaceae  14 r 

less  moist,  shaded  situations  throughout  the 
Rockies;  flowering  in  July. 

Leaves  erect  or  ascending  \-2\ 
Micranthes 
Lyallii  inches  long,  fan-shaped  varying 

(Engler)  to  suborbicular,  typically  wedge- 
Small,  shaped  at  the  base,  coarsely 
LyalVs  few-toothed  above  with  the  teeth 
mainly  directed  forward,  smooth 
or  nearly  so,  the  petiole-like  bases  often 
longer  than  the  blades.  Flowering  stems 
3-24  inches  tall,  smooth  or  nearly  so,  spar- 
ingly branched  above,  commonly  purple, 
few-flowered;  petals  white  with  2  yellow 
blotches  below  the  middle,  broadly  oblong 
or  suborbicular,  often  slightly  notched  at 
the  apex,  twice  as  long  as  the  sepals,  often 
tinged  and  streaked  with  red  on  the  outside; 
seed  pods  nearly  J  an  inch  high,  purple  or 
purple-tinged,  usually  3  or  4  together,  with 
pointed  beaks. 

An  alpine  form  frequent  throughout  the 
region  in  damp,  shady,  or  open  places  and 
along  the  borders  of  mountain  streams; 


i42        •        Saxifragaceae 

a  rather  striking  plant,   flowering  in  July. 

Leaves  erect  or  ascending,  1-5 
Micranthes  .  , 

Nelsoniana  lnches  long'  suborbicular  or 
(D.  Don.)  reniform,  f-if  inches  in  diam- 
Small.  eter,  deeply  cordate  at  the  base, 

Nelson's          usually  sparingly  hairy  on  both 

sides,  coarsely  few-toothed  with 
crenate,  gland-tipped  teeth.  Flower-stem 
erect,  ij-y  inches  tall,  glandular- villous, 
especially  above,  terminating  in  a  compact 
head  usually  with  purple  or  purplish  bracts; 
sepals  ovate  or  oblong-ovate  J— |  of  an  inch 
long,  ciliate;  petals  white,  broadly  oblong 
to  ovate,  twice  as  long  as  the  sepals. 

A  rather  rare  though  very  beautiful  al- 
pine flower  found  throughout  the  region  in 
moist  places  and  along  alpine  brooks ;  flower- 
ing in  June. 

Spatularia  Copiously  glandular-hairy,  4-15 
Brunoniana  inches  tall.  Leaves  crowded  on 
Bong.  Tall  the  short  roots tock,  spatulate 
Saxifrage.  to  ODlanceolate-spatulate,  1-3 
inches  long,  sharply  and  sometimes  broadly 


V 


VI 


Saxifragaceae  143 

toothed,  mostly  above  the  middle.  Flower- 
stems  solitary  or  several  together,  widely 
branching,  bracts  much  smaller  than  the 
leaves ;  flowers  terminating  the  stem,  branches, 
and  branchlets,  but  on  many  of  the  ultimate 
branchlets  represented  by  clusters  of  green 
bulblets;  sepals  oblong-ovate  to  triangular- 
ovate,  J  of  an  inch  or  less  long,  purple, 
reflexed;  petals  white,  J  of  an  inch  long  or 
less,  the  three  upper  with  lanceolate  or 
oblong-lanceolate  blades;  two  lower  with 
elliptic  or  spatulate-elliptic  blades ;  seed  pods 
1  of  an  inch  long  with  diverging  tips. 
The  commonest  form  in  the  Selkirks, 
everywhere  along  streams  and  banks. 

Caudex  horizontal  or  ascending, 
Leptarrhena 

pyrolifolia  clothed  with  folded  leaf  bases. 
(D.  Don.)  Leaves  leathery,  oblong,  orsome- 
R-  Br-  times  slightly  broadest  above  or 

Leptarrhena.      ^Q^  ^Q  middle,    lj-3l   inches 

long,  obtuse,  serrate  or  crenate-serrate,  deep 
green  and  lustrous  above,  paler  beneath,  nar- 
rowed into  winged  petiole-like  bases.  Flower- 


144  Saxifragaceae 

stalks  4-18  inches  high,  bearing  i  or  2  clasp- 
ing leaves;  flowers  small  and  inconspicuous, 
at  first  congested  in  a  compact  head,  becom- 
ing separated ;  sepals  ovate,  about  as  long  as 
the  base  of  the  calyx,  each  with  a  terminal 
gland  and  usually  some  lateral  glands ;  petals 
narrowly  spatulate,  white,  J  of  an  inch 
long ;  seed  pods  J  of  an  inch  long  with  slightly 
spreading  tips;  purplish. 

Along  alpine  streams  and  in  damp  shaded 
places,  rather  abundant  throughout  the 
region  at  the  higher  altitudes  ;  flowering  in 
June. 

Le  tasea  Stems  decumbent.  Leaves  J-| 
Van-Brun-  of  an  inch  long,  the  blades  very 
tiae  Small.  thick,  flattish,  smooth,  ciliate 
Fleshy  Qn  ^Q  margins,  spine- tipped. 

Flowers  i-several  on  stalks,  ij- 
3  inches  tall,  finely  glandular-hairy,  leafy, 
bearing  larger  leaves  than  the  decumbent 
stems;  sepals  ovate  to  oblong  ovate,  |  of  an 
inch  long,  smooth,  more  or  less  eroded  at 
the  apex;  petals  deep  yellow,  oblong,  much 


Saxifragaceae  145 

longer  than  the  calyx ;  seed  pods  J  of  an  inch 
or  more  long. 

A  common  species  throughout  the  Rockies, 
forming  mats  on  the  wet  gravel  and  sand  of 
the  shores  and  flood -plains  of  the  rivers  and 
torrent  fans  at  the  bases  of  the  moraines; 
flowering  throughout  June  and  July. 

Leaves  of  the  caudices  \  an  inch 

or  less  long,  stiff  and  crowded, 
austromon- 

tana  (Wie-       but  fliore  °r  IGSS.  spreading,  the 
gand)  blades    narrowly    lanceolate    to 

Small.  subulate,  ciliate,  slender,  spine- 

tipped.         Flower-stalks      ii-6 
Saxifrage. 

inches  tall,  nearly  smooth  or 
finely  glandular- hairy,  bearing  several 
leaves  which  are  smaller  than  those  of  the 
caudices;  sepals  ovate,  sometimes  rather 
narrowly  so,  |-  of  an  inch  long,  smooth 
or  sparingly  ciliate,  obtuse;  petals  white, 
usually  yellow- spotted,  oblong  to  oblong-lan- 
ceolate, \  of  an  inch  or  more  long,  filaments 
slender ;  seed  pods  often  nearly  |  an  inch  long. 
Common  everywhere  throughout  the 


1 46  Grossulariaceae 

Rockies  at  the  lower  altitudes  on  bare  rocks 
and  stony  slopes,  frequently  forming  mats  a 
foot  or  more  across;  flowering  in  June. 

Plants  in  dense  mats,  leaves 
Antiphylla  1  ' 

ositi-          densely  folded  together  except 

folia  (L.)  on  the  flower-stalks  and  some- 
Fourr.  times  on  the  elongated  stems, 

Purple  4-ranked,  the  blades  obovate  to 

Saxifrage.  -11 

spatulate,  J  of  an  inch  long, 
ciliate,  keeled.  Flower-stalks  J-i  inch  long 
or  sometimes  shorter  when  young,  leafy; 
sepals  oblong  to  ovate,  J  of  an  inch  long, 
ciliate  all  around ;  petals  lilac  or  purple,  ellip- 
tic or  oval,  showy,  J  of  an  inch  long,  each 
narrowed  into  a  stout  claw. 

Usually  a  high  alpine  species  and  not 
infrequently  forming  mats  of  considerable 
size;  throughout  the  region,  flowering  in  July. 

GROSSULARIACE^J 
Gooseberry  Family 

Shrubs,  usually  with  lobed,  petioled  leaves 
and  racemose  or  subsolitary  axillary  or 


Grossulariaceae  1 4  7 

lateral  flowers,  the  pedicels  bracteolate; 
calyx  tube  attached  to  the  ovary,  the  limb 
4-5-lobed,  often  coloured;  petals,  4-5,  in- 
serted on  the  throat  of  the  calyx,  small, 
scale-like,  often  included;  stamens  4-5,  in- 
serted with  the  petals;  berry  globose  or 
ovoid,  pulpy,  the  calyx  persistent  on  its 
summit. 

Stems   prostrate    or   ascending, 
Ribes  lacus- 

tre  (Pers.)  3~4  feet  long,  very  prickly  when 
Poir.  young,  spines  slender  and  weak, 

Swamp  generally      clustered.        Leaves 

nearly  orbicular,  thin,  smooth  or 
hairy  along  the  veins  beneath,  deeply  5-7 
lobed,  1-2  inches  broad,  the  lobes  acutish, 
incised-dentate.  Flowers  in  racemes  of  5-9 ; 
calyx  rotate,  £  of  an  inch  broad,  spreading, 
green  or  purplish;  petals  exceeding  the 
calyx;  ovary  glandular-hispid;  berry  black. 
A  very*  abundant  gooseberry  throughout 
the  region  in  cool  damp  woods  and  bogs 
at  the  lower  elevations;  flowering  in 
June. 


1 48  Grossulariaceae 

Ribes  seto-  Stems  erect,  3-4  feet  high,  with 

sum  Lindl.  numerous     stout     bristles,     es- 

Bristly  pecially    on    the    young    wood; 

Gooseberry.  axillary      gpines      ^      together, 

rather  stout  and  spreading.  Leaves  slender- 
petioled,  more  or  less  finely  hairy,  at  least 
when  young,  J— i  inch  wide,  broadly  ovate 
or  orbicular,  3~5-lobed,  the  lobes  incised  or 
coarsely  toothed.  Flowers  2-3,  J-J  an  inch 
long  on  very  short  pedicels;  calyx  tube 
cylindric,  greenish- white  or  pinkish;  petals 
white;  berries  small,  purple  or  blue  and  very 
sour. 

Frequent  throughout  the  Rockies  on  lake 
shores  and  in  thickets  at  the  lower  altitudes ; 
flowering  in  June. 

Ribes  oxya-  SPines  generally  solitary,  light- 
canthoides  coloured,  J-J  of  an  inch  long; 
L.  Northern  prickles  commonly  wanting. 
Gooseberry.  Leaves  petioled,  roundish,  sub- 
cordate  and  5-lobed,  hairy  or  nearly  smooth, 
the  lobes  deeply  toothed  or  crenate.  Flowers 
greenish- purple  or  white,  little  more  than 


Grossulariaceae  149 

J  of  an  inch  long;  berry  half  an  inch  in 
diameter,  smooth,  reddish-purple  and  sweet 
when  ripe. 

Throughout  the  Rockies  at  the  lower 
elevations,  in  open  ground  and  on  stony 
hillsides;  flowering  in  June;  fruit  ripening 
in  July. 


Stems  ascending,  crowded,   2-5 


Howellii          ^eet      mgh>       without      spines. 
Greene.  Leaves  triangular,  2-3  inches  in 

HowelVs  diameter,  cordate  at  the  base, 
deeply  5-lobed,  the  acute  lobes 
doubly  serrate,  smooth  above,  often  resinous- 
dotted  beneath,  petiole  as  long  as  or  longer 
than  the  blade.  Flowers  J  of  an  inch  broad 
in  a  loose  raceme,  bracts  linear,  about  -^  of 
an  inch  long,  much  shorter  than  the  slender, 
glandular  pedicels;  calyx  rotate  with  broad 
spatulate  lobes;  petals  red,  narrowly  spatu- 
late,  shorter  than  the  calyx  lobes  ;  berries  red  . 
A  rather  showy  plant  with  a  pungent, 
skunk-like  odour  when  bruised,  growing  on 
wet,  shaded  rocks  and  in  springy  places 


150  Rosaceae 

throughout  the  region,  at  the  lower  altitudes ; 
flowering  in  June. 

ROSACES 
Rose  Family. 

Herbs,  shrubs,  or  trees  with  alternate 
leaves  and  perfect  flowers;  calyx  free  or  ad- 
nate  to  the  ovary,  5-g-lobed;  petals  equal 
in  number  to  the  calyx  lobes,  distinct  or 
none;  stamens  usually  numerous  and  dis- 
tinct; fruit  mostly  follicles  or  achenes. 

Carpels  few;  in  fruit  becoming  2 -several  sided. 
Stamens  united  at  the  base;  flowers  racemose. 

Lutkea. 
Stamens  not  united  at  the  base;  flowers  in  panicles 

or  corymbs. 
Shrubs  with  simple  leaves,  flowers  perfect. 

Spiraea. 
Herbs  with  compound  leaves;  flowers  dioecious. 

Aruncus. 
Carpels,  few  or  many;  in  fruit  becoming  achenes  or 

drupelets. 

Fruit  consisting  of  drupelets,  usually  united.   Rubus. 
Fruit  consisting  of  achenes. 

Achenes  enclosed  in  a  fleshy  fruit;  prickly  shrubs. 

Rosa. 

Achenes  on  a  plane  or  concave  receptacle;  herbs. 
Styles  deciduous,  naked. 


Rosaceae  151 

Styles  terminal.  Potentilla. 

Styles  lateral. 

.  Carpels  hairy ;  shrubs.  Dasyphor a 

Carpels  smooth ;  herbs. 

Stamens  5;  carpels  10-15.  Sibbaldia. 

Stamens  20;  carpels  numerous. 

Leaves  trifoliate ;  receptacle  fleshy. 

Fragaria. 

Leaves  pinnate,  receptacle  not  fleshy. 
Flowers  dark  purple.  Comarum. 

Flowers  yellow. 

Plant  with  stolons;  flowers  solitary. 

Argentina. 
Styles  persistent,  mostly  plumose. 

Calyx  lobes  and  petals  8  or  9.  Dry  as. 

Calyx  lobes  and  petals  5. 

Style  jointed,  upper  part  deciduous. 

Geum. 
Style  not  jointed,  upper  part  plumose. 

Sieversia. 


Smooth,  stems  caespitose,   very 
Lutkea 
e  tinata         leafy.      Leaves    trifoliate,    per- 

(Pursh.)  sistent,  leaflets  deeply  2-4-lobed, 
Kuntze.  the  lateral  ones  decumbent, 

Cut-leaved       forming  a  broad  petiole.  Flower- 

Lutkea. 

ing  stems  2-6  inches  high  with 

a  dense  terminal  raceme  of  many  white 
flowers,  about  J  of  an  inch  broad;  calyx 
lobes  ovate,  acute;  petals  5,  obovate,  exceed- 


i52  Rosaceae 

ing  the  calyx;  stamens  numerous,  shorter 
than  the  petals. 

Frequent  throughout  the  Selkirks,  on 
alpine  slopes  and  beside  streams  at  the  higher 
elevations;  flowering  in  June. 

cxi  • 

S  irsea  Stem    2-4    feet    high,    reddish, 

densiflora         Leaves  ovate  or  elliptical,   ser- 
Nutt.    Pink     rulate  at  the  apex,  entire  below, 
^ir  narrowed  at  the  base  to  a  very 

short  petiole  or  the  lowest  sessile,  dark  green 
on  both  sides,  f-i  inch  long.  Flowers  small, 
deep  rose-colour  in  dense,  round,  leafy, 
bracted  corymbs,  terminating  the  numerous 
branches. 

In  moist,  exposed,  rocky  places  and  on 
slopes  at  the  lower  altitudes,  frequent  in  the 
Selkirks;  flowering  in  June. 

Spiraea  Stems  erect,  mostly  simple,  1-2 

lucida  feet  high>  from  horizontal  run- 

ning   rootstocks.      Leaves,    the 

BiTch- 

leaved  lower  ones  small,  obovate;  upper, 

Spiraa.  oval  to  oblong,  1-2  inches  long, 

often  obscurely  lobed    and    doubly    serrate 


Rubus  pedatus  Smith.   (%  Nat.) 
CreeDiner   Rasoberrv. 


Rosaceae  153 

above  the  middle,  smooth  throughout,  dark 
green  above,  paler  beneath.  Flowers  white 
or  tinged  with  pink  in  a  large  flat  branching 
terminal  corymb. 

Abundant  throughout  the  region  on  hill-- 
sides  and  dry  banks ;  flowering  during  July. 

^ 

Smooth  throughout,  stem  erect, 
Aruncus(L.)  somewhat  branched,  2-4  feet 
Karst.  high.  Leaves  long-petioled,  2-3 

Goat's-  pinnate,      leaflets     1-3      inches 

long,  ovate  or  lanceolate,  thin, 
acuminate  or  acute  at  the  apex,  rounded 
or  slightly  heart-shaped  at  the  base,  doubly 
serrate  or  incised.  Flowers  small,  white,  in 
an  elongated  spike. 

Frequent  along    streams    throughout   the 
Selkirks;  flowering  during  June  and  July. 

Stems  slender,  trailing,  1-3  feet 
pedatus  l°ng»  unarmed,  rooting  at  the 

Smith.  nodes,    pubescent.      Leaves  tri- 

Creeping          foliate,  leaflets  obovate,  cuneate 

Raspberry.  ,  , 

at  the  base,  f-i  inch  long  in- 
cised, lateral  leaflets  often  parted  to  the 


154  Rosaceae 

base,  smooth  or  sparingly  hairy.  Flowers 
usually  solitary,  on  long  slender  pedicels, 
white  or  rosy,  J  of  an  inch  or  more  broad ; 
sepals  ovate-lanceolate,  entire  or  incised, 
exceeding  the  petals;  berry  of  1-6  large 
red,  juicy  drupelets. 

Frequent  throughout  the  region  in  cold 
damp  woods,  forming  masses  of  considerable 
size;  flowering  during  June. 

Stem  low,  herbaceous,  unarmed, 
Rubus 

arcticusL.  finelY  hailT»  3~i°  inches  high, 
Arctic  sometimes  leafless  below.  Leaves 

Raspberry.  3-foliate,  leaflets  sessile  or  short- 
stalked,  rhombic-ovate  or  obovate,  coarse- 
ly and  unequally  serrate  or  slightly 
lobed,  f— i  inch  long.  Flowers  solitary  or 
occasionally  2,  slender-peduncled ;  petals 
obovate,  pink,  J-i  inch  long;  sepals 
acute,  equalling  or  shorter  than  the  petals, 
reflexed;  berry  light  red,  fragrant  and 
edible. 

In  cold  mossy  thickets  and  swamps 
throughout  the  region,  the  first  flowers  ap- 


Rosaceae  155 

pearing  in  May  and  early  June  when  the 
stems  are  but  a  few  inches  high,  with  the 
leaves  hardly  unfolded;  in  midsummer  it 
frequently  flowers  again  from  branched 
stems  8-10  inches  high  and  appearing  like- 
a  different  plant. 

Stems    herbaceous,    trailing    or 

ascending,  unarmed,  6-18  inches 
Amencanus 

(Pers.)  or  more  long,  somewhat  hairy. 

Britton.  Leaves     petioled,     3 -foliate     or 

Dwarf  rarely  5-foliate  leaflets  rhombic- 

Raspberry. 

ovate,     smooth    or    nearly    so, 

acute,  the  lateral  ones  mostly  rounded, 
terminal,  wedge-shaped  at  the  base,  all 
sharply  serrate.  Flowers  1-3  on  a  slender 
glandular-hairy  peduncle,  J  an  inch  or  less 
broad;  petals  5-7,  white,  spatulate-oblong, 
erect,  rather  longer  than  the  acuminate 
calyx  lobes;  fruit  red-purple,  half  an  inch 
long. 

In  cold  moist  woods  and  swampy  places 
throughout  the  region ;  flowering  in  May  and 
June. 


156  Rosaceae 

Stems    shrubby,  3-8   feet   high, 
Rubus 
parviflorus        smooth  or  more  or  less  glandular- 

fNutt.  hairy.     Leaves  round-cordate  in 

Salmon-          outline,     palmately     3~5-lobed, 
the     lobes     acute     or     acutish, 
rarely    acuminate,    coarsely    and    unequally 

*3fc-  ««> 

serrate.  Flowers  few,  1-2  inches  broad, 
white,  in  corymbose,  terminal  heads,  calyx 
lobes  tipped  with  a  long  slender  appendage. 
Borders  of  woods,  and  in  thickets  among 
rocks,  throughout  the  region,  but  most 
abundant  in  the  Selkirks;  flowering  in  June 
and  July. 

Rubus  Stems     shrubby,     biennial,     18 

Cstrigosus          inches  to   4   feet   high,    usually 
densely  clothed  with  weak  glan- 
Raspberry.       dular  bristles  or  the  older  stems 
with     small     hooked     prickles. 
Leaves  pinnately  3-5 -foliate,  leaflets  ovate 
or    ovate-oblong,    acuminate,    sharply    and 


irregularly  serrate  or  slightly  lobed,  rounded 
at  the  base,  1-3  inches  long.  Flowers  |  an 
inch  broad  in  a  loose  raceme  on  slender 


Rubus  parviflorus  Nutt.   (%  Nat.) 
Salmon-Berry. 


Rosaceae  15  7 

pedicels,  curved  in  fruit  ;  petals  white,  ascend- 
ing, about  equalling  the  spreading  acuminate 
sepals;  fruit  dark  red,  sweet  and  very  juicy. 
The  common  red  raspberry  throughout 
the  region  in  dry  and  rocky  places  ;  flowering 
in  June. 

Shrubby,  much  branched  ;  stems 
Dasyphora 

fruticosa          erect  or  ascending,  very  leafy,  6  t? 

(L.)  Rydb.      inches  to  3  feet  high,  the  bark 
Shrubby  shreddy.     Leaves  pinnate  with 

Cinquefoil. 


with  long  silky  hairs  and  re  volute  margins. 
Flowers  bright  yellow,  |-ij  inches  broad, 
usually  solitary  at  the  ends  of  the  branches. 
A  very  abundant  plant  throughout  the 
region,  in  swampy  grounds,  gravelly  river 
shores,  on  dry  slopes  and  alpine  meadows, 
flowering  throughout  the  summer. 

Sibbaldia  Stems  densely  tufted,  decum- 
procumbens  bent  or  creeping,  1-4  inches 
L-  long.  Leaves  3  -foliate,  leaflets 

Sibbaldia.  Wedge-shaped,  3-5-toothed  at 
the  apex  with  scattered  hairs  on  both  sides. 


158  Rosaceae 

Flowers  J  of  an  inch  broad,  greenish-yellow; 
petals  very  small,  not  exceeding  the  calyx. 

Frequent  throughout  the  region  on  rocks, 
usually  in  dry,  exposed  situations  at  ele- 
vations varying  from  4000  to  10,000  feet; 
flowering  during  June  and  July. 

Plant  spreading,  3-6  inches  tall, 

huf^aTs         nairy»    forming    new   plants   by 

Wats.)  the  running  stems  after  flower- 

Rydb.  ing.      Leaves    tufted    from    the 

ld  root,  very  hairy,  palmately  3- 

foliate;  leaflets  obtuse,  strongly 
serrate,  the  teeth  gland-tipped;  lateral  leaf- 
lets ovate,  oblique  on  the  inside,  shorter  than 
the  terminal  one;  terminal  leaflet  broadly 
ovate  with  a  wedge-shaped  base.  Flowers 
white,  |  of  an  inch  broad;  petals  slightly 
longer  than  the  sepals,  borne  on  a  scape 
about  J  longer  than  the  leaves.  Fruit  ovoid, 
rather  small. 

On  grassy  banks  and  roadsides  throughout 
the  Rockies;  flowering  in  late  May  and  early 
June. 


Rosaceae  159 

«  Smooth,  decumbent  at  the  base, 

Comarum 

palustre  (L.)  6  inches  to  2  feet  long.  Leaves 
Marsh  pinnate,  the  lower  long-petioled 

CinquefoU.       with  5_?  oblong  or  oblanceolate, 

sharply  serrate  leaflets,  which  are  lighter- 
coloured  and  more  or  less  hairy  beneath; 
upper  leaflets  similar,  3^5.  Flowers  few, 
in  an  open  cyme;  calyx  lobes  purple  within, 
acuminate,  nearly  J  an  inch  long,  enlarging 
in  fruit;  petals  much  shorter  than  the  sepals. 
A  marsh  plant  frequent  throughout  the 
region  in  very  wet  situations,  at  the  lower 
altitudes ;  flowering  in  July. 

Argentina  Herbaceous,  spreading  by  run- 
Anserina  ners.  Leaves  all  at  the  root, 
(L.)  Rydb.  interruptedly  pinnate  with  7-21 

Silver-weed.       leaflets    and    smaller    Qnes    inter. 

posed;  oblong,  sharply  serrate,  dark  green 
above,  soft,  white-hairy  beneath.  Flowers 
bright  yellow,  J-i  inch  broad,  solitary  on 
long  pedicels,  petals  exceeding  the  ovate, 
acute,  calyx  lobes. 

In  open  and  waste  ground  and  meadows 


160  Rosaceae 

throughout  the  Rockies  at  the  lower  alti- 
tudes; flowering  during  June  and  July. 

Potentilla  Stem  4~8  inches  high>  woody  at 

nivea  L.  the  base,  with  long  silky  hairs. 

Snowy  Leaves  3 -foliate,  the  lower  peti- 

Cinqmfoil  ded .  leaflets  oblong  or  obovate, 

usually  deeply  cut,  densely,  white-hairy  be- 
neath, green  and  loosely  soft-hairy  above,  f-i 
inch  long.  Flowers  1-5,  bright  yellow,  J-f  of 
an  inch  broad ;  sepals  silky,  lanceolate,  shorter 
than  the  broadly-ovate,  notched  petals. 

Frequent  throughout  the  Rockies  in  open, 
rocky  situations;  flowering  during  June  and 

July. 

Stem   decumbent  or  ascending 
Potentilla 

dissecta  4~8  inches  high  from  a  woody 

Pursh.  base,  more  or  less  silky-villous 

Cut-leaved        or  nearly  smooth.     Leaves  pin- 

Cinquefoil.         ^^     Qr     tripinnate     with      ^ 

lanceolate,  deeply  cut  leaflets,  usually  glau- 
cous and  with  ciliate  edges.  Flowers  few, 
bright  yellow,  J  an  inch  or  more  broad  with 
notched  petals,  in  an  open  cyme. 


Rosaceae-  161 

In  open  alpine  meadows  and  slopes 
throughout  the  region  at  the  higher  altitudes  ; 
flowering  during  June  and  July. 

Much  like  the  preceding  species 


multisecta        ^^  mucn  more  hairy  throughout 
(Wats.)  and'  with  more  divided  leaves. 

Rydb.  Flowers    in    a    loose    cyme    on 

scapes  4-6  inches  high,  not  quite  so  large  -as 
in  the  preceding  nor  as  brilliantly  coloured. 
Dry  rocky  summits  and  ledges  through- 
out the  Rockies;  flowering  in  June. 

Densely  caespitose  from  a  woody 

Potentilla 

uniflora  base..     Leaves    closely    tufted, 

(Ledeb.)          small,    palmately   divided,   leaf- 
Alpine  lets   deeply   cut,  densely  white- 

CinquefoX.          woolly  Qn  both  surfaces.    Flowers 

solitary  on  short  peduncles,  bright  yellow, 
half  an  inch  or  more  broad;  petals  broadly 
obovate,  notched  at  the  apex,  much  longer 
than  the  densely  soft-hairy  lanceolate  sepals. 
A  high  alpine  species  in  dry  stony  ground 
throughout  the  Rockies,  not  common  ;  flower- 
ing in  July. 


1 62  Rosacese 

Geum  Stout,  erect,  stiff -hairy,  1-3  feet 

macro-  high.  Leaves  lyrate-pinnate  with 

phyllum  broad  foliaceous   stipules,    basal 

leaves  petioled,  the  terminal  seg- 

Large- 

leaved  ment  much  the  largest ,  renif orm, 

Avens.  dentate,  3-y-lobed;  lateral  leaf- 

lets 3-6  oval  or  obovate  with  smaller  ones 
interspersed.  Flowers  several,  short  pedun- 
cled,  borne  in  a  terminal  head ;  bright  yellow, 
nearly  \  an  inch  broad ;  petals  longer  than  the 
acuminate  sepals ;  receptacle  nearly  smooth. 

In  damp  places  and  low  grounds  through- 
out the  region,  most  abundant  in  the  Selkirks ; 
flowering  in  June. 

Hairy,  branched  above,  2—4  feet 
Geum 
strictum  high-    Stipules  broad,  foliaceous ; 

Ait.  Yellow  basal  leaves  lyrate-pinnate ;  leaf- 
Avens.  iets  5-7,  obovate,  cuneate,  den- 

tate or  lobed,  the  terminal  one  largest, 
broadly  ovate  or  cuneate,  stem  leaves  sessile 
or  short-petioled  with  3-5  ovate  or  oblong/ 
acute  segments.  Flowers  yellow,  |  an  inch 
broad;  receptacle  downy. 


a  Geum  strictum  Ait.     Yellow  Avens. 

b  Sieversia  ciliata    (Pursh)    Don.     Long-Plumed  Purple  Avens. 

(%    Nat.) 


Rosaceae  163 

Ih  swamps  or  low  grounds  throughout  the 
region;  flowering  in  June. 

Soft-hairy,  scapose;   scape  4-18 
Sieversia          inches  high,  simple,  3-8-flowered    . 


ciliata  at   the    summit.      Basal    leaves 

(Pursh)  petioled,    interruptedly    pinnate 

Don.      Long 

Plumed  with  many  small  leaflets,  among 

Purple  the   numerous   obovate,    deeply 

Avens.  cu£  }arger  Ones.     Flowers  \  an 

. 
inch  broad  of   5   pale  purplish-pink    petals 

hardly  exceeding  the  calyx  and  spreading 
linear  red  bractlets;  styles  plumose  in 
fruit,  1-2  inches  long. 

In  dry  open  grounds  extending  into  the 
Rockies  from  the  plains,  where  it  is  especially 
abundant,  to  the  lower  slopes  and  valleys 
throughout  the  region;  flowering  in  June. 

Stems  prostrate,  branched,  3-6 
Dryas  octo- 
etala  L          inches  long.     Leaves  oblong  or 

White  ovate,  J-i  inch  long,  obtuse  at 

Mountain-       each  end,  closely  crenate,  dark 

green  and  shining  above,  densely 

white- woolly  beneath.     Flowers  solitary  on 


164  Rosaceae 

slender  pedicels,  white,  an  inch  or  more  broad'; 
petals  longer  than  the  6-8  spreading  linear 
sepals ;  stamens  numerous,  anthers  bright  yel- 
low; styles  conspicuously  plumose  in  fruit. 

Frequent  in  dry  stony  ground  throughout 
the  Rockies  at  elevations  ranging  from  4000 
to  10,000  feet,  forming  dense  mats  of  con- 
siderable size  on  the  surface  of  the  ground; 
flowering  in  June. 

Dryas  Similar    in    manner    of    growth 

Drum-  and  general  appearance  to  the 

mondu  preceding  species.     Leaves  gen- 

Richards. 

Drummond's  erally  narrower  at  the  base,  the 
Mountain-  lobes  dentate-crenate.  Flowers  J 
Avens.  an  inch  long,  campanulate,  droop- 

ing on  a  densely  woolly  pedicel;  sepals  ovate, 
acute,  black  glandular-hairy;  petals  lance- 
olate, obtuse,  bright  yellow,  about  twice  the 
length  of  the  sepals ;  stamens  included ;  styles 
numerous,  conspicuously  plumose  in  fruit. 

In  gravel  and  loose  stony  soil  throughout 
the  Rockies,  especially  abundant  on  river 
shores  and  flood-plains,  like  the  previous 


a  Dryas  octopetala  L. 
Dryas    Drummondii    Rich. 


White  Mountain  Avens. 
Drummond's    Mountain    Avens. 
(%    Nat.) 


Pomaceae  165 

species    frequently    forming    mats    of    con- 
siderable size ;  flowering  in  June. 

Stems  branched,  2-3  feet  high, 
Ktcoumii         prickly.     Leaves  pinnate,   leaf-. 
Greene.  lets    large,     f-ij    inches    long, 

Mace 
Rose. 


Macoun's        ova^  coarseiy  toothed.    Flowers 


solitary,  on  slender  pedicels, 
bright  pink,  petals  broadly  obovate,  an  inch 
or  more  long,  sepals  entire  with  a  long 
acuminate  obtuse  tip,  persistent  and  erect 
in  fruit,  fruit  globose,  bright  scarlet. 

The  wild  rose  of  the  region,  in  open 
ground,  on  slopes,  borders  of  woods,  stream 
and  river  banks  throughout  the  Rockies; 
flowering  in  late  June  and  early  July. 

POMACES 
Apple  Family 

Trees  and  shrubs  with  alternate  leaves, 
and  regular,  perfect  flowers;  calyx  superior, 
5 -toothed;  petals  5 ;  stamens  numerous;  fruit 
a  more  or  less  fleshy  pome. 

Leaves  pinnate.  Sorbus. 

Leaves  simple,  entire-toothed  or  lobed.  Amelanchier. 


1 66 


Pomaceae 


Sorbus 
sambucifolia 

(Cham,   and 
Schl.)  Roem 

Western 
Mountain- 
ash. 


A  small  tree  with  smooth  bark. 
Leaves  pinnate,  leaflets  5-15, 
ovate-lanceolate  or  oval,  obtuse 
or  short-pointed,  serrate,  smooth 
and  dark  green  above,  pale  and 
usually  more  or  less  hairy  be- 
neath, especially  along  the  veins, 
seldom  over  2\  inches  long.  Flowers  white, 
nearly  J  an  inch  across  in  a  compound  flat 
cyme,  2-4  inches  broad;  petals  spreading, 
short-clawed,  obovate;  stamens  numerous; 
fruit  bright  scarlet,  more  than  J  of  an  inch 
in  diameter. 

In   moist   stony   ground   throughout  the 
region;  flowering  in  June. 


A  shrub,  soft-hairy  when  young, 
at  length  nearly  smooth.  Leaves 
thick,  broadly  elliptic  or  almost 
orbicular,  very  obtuse  and  often 
truncate  at  the  apex,  round  or 
subcordate  at  the  base ;  coarsely 
dentate  above  the  middle,  1-2 
inches  long.  Flowers  in  rather  short,  dense 


Amelan- 
chier 

alnifolia 
Nutt. 
North- 
western 
June-berry. 


Drupaceae  167 

racemes,  pedicels  short;  petals  oblanceolate, 
J-f  of  an  inch  long,  2-4  times  the  length 
of  the  calyx ;  fruit  purple  when  ripe  and  very 
sweet. 

On  slopes  at  the  lower  altitudes  throughout 
the  region,  flowering  in  June. 

DRUPACE^E 
Plum  Family 

Trees  or  shrubs,  the  bark  exuding  gum. 
Leaves  alternate,  petioled,  serrate,  the  teeth 
and  petiole  often  glandular;  flowers  regular, 
perfect;  calyx  5-lobed  inferior,  deciduous; 
petals  5,  inserted  on  the  calyx;  stamens 
numerous,  inserted  on  the  petals;  fruit  a  i- 
seeded  drupe. 

A  shrub  or  small  tree.     Leaves 
Primus 
demissa  thick    ovate    or    broadly    oval, 

(Nutt.)  acute  or  slightly  obtuse,  serru- 

WalP-  late  with  short  teeth.     Flowers 

Western  -      f  ,  ,          -,    . 

J  of  an  inch  or  more  broad,  in 
Wild  Cherry. 

drooping   racemes   at  the   ends 
of  the  leafy  branches;  drupe  dark  purple  or 


1 68  Papilionacese 

black,  globose,  over  J  of  an  inch  in  diameter. 
In  thickets  in  the  Rockies,  frequent  in  the 
vicinity  of  Banff;  flowering  in  May  and  early 
June. 


PAPILIONACE^ 

Pea  Family 

Herbs  or  vines  with  alternate,  compound 
leaves  and  irregular,  perfect,  yellow,  purple, 
blue,  or  white  flowers,  mainly  in  racemes; 
calyx  4-5-toothed ;  petals  more  or  less  united 
or  separate,  consisting  of  a  broad  upper  one 
(standard) ,  two  lateral  ones  (wings) ,  and  two 
front  ones  more  or  less  united  (keel). 

Herbs;  leaves  unequally  pinnate,  not  tendril  bearing. 
Pods  not  jointed. 

Keel  of  the  corolla  blunt. 

Pod  not  much  swollen,  fleshy,  leathery  or 
'  papery;  flowers  blue  or  purple.  Astragalus. 
Pods  much  inflated,  membranous;  flowers  white. 

Phaca. 
Pods  flat,  both  sutures  prominent  externally. 

Homalobus. 

Keel  of  the  corolla  acute.  Aragallus. 

Pods  jointed,  flowers  purple  or  white.       Hedysarum. 

Herbaceous  veins ;  leaves  evenly  pinnate,  with  tendrils. 


Papilionaceae  169 

Style  slender  with  a  tuft  of  hairs  at  the  summit. 

Vicia. 

Style  flattened,  bearded  along  the  inner  side. 

Lathyrus. 

Stems  whitish  with  close  hairs 
Astragalus 

adsurgens        or  nearly  smooth,  ascending  or 
Pall.  decumbent,    4-18    inches    long, 

Ascending       simpie  Or  branched  at  the  base. 

Milk-vetch.        T        ,,    , 

Leaflets  15-25  oval  or  linear- 
oblong,  sometimes  notched  at  the  apex, 
narrowed  at  the  base,  J-i  inch  long;  pe- 
duncles exceeding  the  leaves.  Flowers  pur- 
plish, J-f  of  an  inch  long  in  dense  short 
spikes;  calyx  villous  with  long  partly  black 
hairs,  J  the  length  of  the  corolla,  with  slender 
teeth,  half  the  length  of  the  campanulate  tube. 
In  open  ground  at  low  altitudes,  probably 
the  most  frequent  of  the  vetches  on  the 
eastern  slopes  of  the  Rockies,  often  forming 
great  patches  of  blue  during  June. 

Astragalus        Hairy  or  nearly  smooth,  stems 
hypoglottis       decumbent  or  ascending,  slender, 

L.  Purple        branched    at   the  base,    usually 
Milk-vetch. 

low,     but    ranging    from    6-24 

inches  long.     Leaves   2-5  inches  long  with 


1 70  Papilionaceae 

17-25  leaflets  which  are  oblong  or  elliptic, 
obtusish  and  usually  notched  at  the  apex, 
rounded  at  the  base  J-J  an  inch  long. 
Flowers  violet-purple,  \  to  nearly  an  inch 
long  in  dense  heads,  calyx  nearly  \  the  length 
with  long  black  and  white  hairs. 

Frequent  at  the  lower  altitudes,  in  dry 
ground  and  roadsides  on  the  eastern  slopes 
of  the  Rockies,  particularly  in  the  region 
around  Banff;  flowering  in  early  June. 

Astragalus  Ascending  or  decumbent, 
alpinus  L.  branching  from  the  base,  6-15 

Alpine  inches    high,    slightly    hairy    or 

Milk-vetch.  T 

smooth.  Leaves  2-5  inches  long, 
with  13-25  oval  or  elliptic,  obtuse  or  retuse 
leaflets,  narrowed  or  rounded  at  the  base, 
J-i  an  inch  long.  Flowers  J  an  inch  or  more 
long,  pale  violet,  the  keel  commonly  darker, 
in  short  rather  open  racemes;  calyx  about 
J  the  length  of  the  corolla,  with  short  black 
hairs. 

The  most  dainty  of  any  of  the  vetches, 
frequent  in  rocky  soil  in  slightly  shaded 


Papilionaceae  171 

situations  throughout  the  Rockies  at  the 
lower  altitudes;  flowering  during  June  and 

July. 

Sterns    slender,    ascending    and 
Astragalus 

convallarius  rigid>  Io~l8  incheS  hiSh'  branch- 
Greene.  ing  from  the  base ;  hairy  through- 

Slender  QU^      Leaves    3-6    inches    long 

Milk-vetch.  ,      v  M1 

with  9-17  narrowly  linear,  silky 

leaflets  J-i  inch  long,  remote.  Flowers  pale 
violet  or  mauve,  half  an  inch  or  more  long, 
scattered  in  a  slender  raceme  3-5  inches 
long ;  peduncles  much  longer  than  the  leaves ; 
calyx  about  -J-  the  length  of  the  corolla  with 
scattered  white  or  brownish  hairs. 

On  the  eastern  slopes  of  the  Rockies  in 
dry  stony  ground  at  the  lower  altitudes; 
flowering  in  early  June. 

Stems  18-24  inches  high,  stout 
Astragalus 

Macouni  and  leafy,  slightly  striate  and 
Rydb.  nearly  smooth.  Leaves  2-4 

Macoun's  mches  long,  thin,  odd-pinnate 
Vetch. 

with  4-8  pairs  of  obtuse,  oblong, 

or   oval   leaflets,    J-i    inch   long.      Flowers 


1  72  Papilionaceae 

cream-coloured,  tinged  with  blue,  in  heads 
iJ-3  inches  long,  on  peduncles  4-10  inches 
long,  from  the  axils  of  the  upper  leaves; 
calyx  |  of  an  inch  long,  black-hairy,  lobes 
very  slender  and  short  ;  corolla  J  of  an  inch 
or  more  long. 

Frequent  in  more  or  less  moist  open 
ground  throughout  the  Rockies  at  varying 
altitudes;  flowering  during  June  and  early 

July. 


Erect,  nearly  simple  and  smooth, 


Americana       T~2  feet  mgn-    Leaves  3-6  inches 

(Hook)  long  with   7-17   oval  or  ovate- 

Rydb-  lanceolate  obtuse   leaflets,    j-ij 

inches   long.     Flowers   white,  f 

Milk-vetch. 

of  an  inch  long  in  loose  racemes 

on  peduncles  equalling  or  exceeding  the 
leaves;  pedicels  slender,  J  an  inch  long  in 
fruit;  'pod  membranous,  inflated,  an  inch 
long. 

In  moist  or  wet  rocky  shaded  places 
throughout  the  Rockies;  flowering  during 
June  and  early  July. 


Papilionaceae 


Stems  erect  and  branching,  6-18 

Homalobus  inches  high,  hairy  throughout, 
aborigin- 

trom  an  enlarged  root.     Leaves 
orum 

(Richards)  pinnate  with  7-11  linear  leaflets; 
Rydb.  stipules  ovate,  acute,  foliaceous. 

Indian  Flowers  white,  tinged  with  mauve, 

Vetch.  .        ,  -11 

in  a  loose  raceme  1-2  inches  long  ; 

peduncles  longer  than  the  leaves,  calyx 
black-hairy,  about  J  of  an  inch  long,  with 
slender  teeth  nearly  half  as  much  longer; 
corolla  more  than  twice  the  length  of  the 
calyx. 

An  abundant  species  at  the  lower  altitudes 
in  open  dry  ground  on  the  eastern  slopes  of 
the  Rockies;  flowering  in  early  June. 

Aragallus  Silvery-pubescent  throughout, 
monticola  with  appressed  or  slightly  spread- 
(A.  Gray)  ing  hairs  ;  tufted.  Leaves  basal, 

Greene.  ^_^  jndnes  ^ong  w{th  g_I(^  h'near- 

Mountain 

Ox  oblong    or   lanceolate,   acute   or 

obtusish  leaflets  j-i  inch  long. 

Flowers  pale   yellow  or  creamy-  white  f  of 

an  inch  or   more    long  in  dense  heads,  on 


1 74  Papilionaceae 

peduncles  longer  than  the  leaves;  calyx 
nearly  half  as  long  as  the  corolla,  with  long 
white  and  short  black  hairs. 

Frequent  throughout  the  Rockies  in  dry 
stony  and  alpine  meadows  and  slopes,  at 
varying  elevations;  flowering  from  June  to 
early  July. 

Tufted,    the    branches    of    the 

Aragallus 

L  mb  rt'         caudex  short;  scapes  few  or  sev- 

(Pursh)  eral,  erect,  rather  slender,  4-20 

Greene.  inches    high.      Leaves    several, 

Loco  Weed.      mostly  erect>   shorter  than  the 

scapes;  leaflets  10-15  pairs,  mostly  oblong- 
lanceolate,  from  sparsely  soft- pubescent 
to  lightly  canescent,  acute,  J-i  inch  long. 
Flowers  pale  yellow,  J  an  inch  long  and  twice 
as  long  as  the  calyx,  in  a  loose  head,  2-4 
inches  long. 

Abundant  in  the  open  ground  on  the  east- 
ern slopes  of  the  Rockies;  a  strikingly  hand- 
some vetch  frequently  found  in  masses  of 
considerable  extent,  especially  in  the  region 
around  Banff;  flowering  in  June  and  early 

July- 


Papilionaceae  175 

Densely     silky,     silver  y-villous, 

acaulescent,  and  tufted.  Leaves 
splendens 

(Dougl.)          4~9   inches  long,   erect;  leaflets 
Greene.  very  numerous,   in   verticels  of 

Showy  2-6,  ODlong  or  oblong-lanceolate, 

Oxytrope. 

acute  or  acutish  at  the  apex, 
rounded  at  the  base,  J  to  nearly  an  inch  long. 
Flowers  deep  purple,  about  J  an  inch  long 
in  dense  spikes  on  peduncles  exceeding  the 
leaves. 

A  very  showy  plant  frequently  flowering 
in  considerable  masses  in  the  open  grounds 
on  the  eastern  slopes  of  the  Rockies  and  dry 
alpine  meadows;  flowering  in  June. 


Aragallus  Tufted,   with   parts  of  the  old 

viscidulus  leaves    remaining.      Leaves    all 

Rydb.  basal,  4-6  inches  long  with  8-15 

Sticky  pairs  Q£  ieaflets>  loosely  villous- 

Oxytrope. 

pubescent,  oblong,  obtuse  or 
acutish,  J  to  nearly  J  an  inch  long,  glandular 
on  the  margins.  Flowers  nearly  J  an  inch 
long  varying  from  pink  to  dark  purple,  in 
loose  spikes  on  glandular  sticky  scapes, 


176  Papilionaceae 

much  longer  than  the  leaves;  calyx  more 
than  half  as  long  as  the  corolla  with  white 
and  shorter  black  hairs;  calyx  teeth  and 
bracts  of  the  inflorescence  densely  glandular. 
In  dry  open  ground  and  alpine  meadows 
through  the  Rockies  at  the  lower  altitudes, 
flowering  in  early  June  and  forming  dense 
tufted  masses  of  brilliant  pink,  blue,  or 
purple  flowers;  probably  the  most  striking 
species  in  the  vicinity  of  Banff. 

Loosely  soft- pubescent  or  silky, 

"decumbent  or  ascending   10-18 
deflexus 

(Pall )  inches  high.     Leaves  4-6  inches 

Heller.  long  with  1 2-1 6  pairs  of  lance- 

Drooping-        ojate   to  oblong,  acute   leaflets, 

J-J  an  inch  long.    Flowers  small, 

Oxytrope. 

l-/-  pale  purple,  little  more  than  J 
of  an  inch  long  in  slender  spikes  2-4. inches 
long  'on  peduncles  much  surpassing  the 
leaves.  Calyx  nearly  as  long  as  the  corolla, 
with  short  black  and  longer  white  hairs; 
fruit  strongly  reflexed. 

In   moist    open    ground    throughout    the 


Papilionaceae  177 

eastern  Rockies  at  the  lower  altitudes;  flow- 
ering in  July. 

Acaulescent  or  more  or  less  so, 

Aragallus  .  ,  .    ,  ,     . 

1-4      inches     high,      soft-hairy. 

(Hook)  A.  Leaves  pinnate  with  5-11  pairs 
Nelson.  of  short  linear-lanceolate  or 

Inflated  oblong  leaflets.     Flowers  violet- 

Oxytrope. 

purple,  i  or  2  on  the  peduncles 
which  scarcely  exceed  the  leaves;  calyx 
densely  dark-hairy;  pods  much  inflated. 

On  high  alpine  slopes  and  summits  through 
the  Rockies,  not  a  common  plant  but  prob- 
ably more  general  than  is  now  known ;  flower- 
ing in  July. 

Stem  erect  or  somewhat  decum- 
Hedysarum 

americanum  bent»  smooth  or  nearly  so,  6 
CMichx.)  inches  to  2\  feet  high,  generally 
Britton.  simple.  Leaves  2-8  inches  long 

urf  e  with   1 1-2 1   oblong  or  oblance- 

Hedysarum. 

olate-obtuse  leaflets,  J  to  nearly 
i  inch  long.  Flowers  violet-purple  or  nearly 
white,  deflexed,  J-J  of  an  inch  long  in  rather 


1 78  Papilionaceae 

loose  elongated  racemes;  calyx  teeth  ovate- 
acute,  shorter  than  the  tube. 

One  of  the  taller  of  the  vetches  growing  in 
open  stony  places  and  slides  throughout  the 
Rockies  at  the  lower  altitudes,  flowering  in 

July. 

Hedysarum      Erect,   12-15  inches  high,  min- 

suip  ur-  utely    hairy.     Leaves  with    5-6 

escens 

Rydb  pairs  of  oblong-elliptic,  obtuse- 

Yellow  cuspidate    leaflets,    J-f    of    an 

Hedysarum.  mcn  long^  finely  hairy  beneath. 
Flowers  bright  yellow,  over  J  an  inch  long; 
1 5-30  in  a  rather  dense  raceme ;  wings  exceed- 
ing the  vexillum  but  shorter  than  the  keel. 

Throughout  the  Rockies  in  open  woods 
and  meadows  up  to  8000  feet  elevation ; 
flowering  in  June  and  July. 

Stems  erect  or  decumbent,  12-18 
Hedysarum 
Mackenzii        inches    high,    usually    minutely 

Richards.  hairy.  Leaves  3-6  inches  long 
Mackenzie's  wjth  1 1-19  oblong-elliptic  leaflets 

Hedysarum.       about  ±  ^  {nch  ^     plowers  j 

of  an  inch  long,  reddish-purple,  20-30  in  loose 


Papilionaceae  179 

racemes  on  peduncles  longer  than  the  leaves ; 
calyx  teeth  very  slender,  longer  than  the  tube. 
On  slides  and  in  loose  stony  soil  throughout 
the  Rockies  at  varying  altitudes;  flowering 
during  June  and  July. 

Finely  hairy  or  sometimes  nearly 
ViciaCracca  smooth;  stems  tufted,  slender, 
L.  Cow  and  weak,  climbing  or  trailing 

2-4  feet  long.  Leaves  tendril- 
bearing  2-3  inches  long  of  18-24  thin,  linear 
or  linear-oblong,  obtuse  or  acutish,  mucro- 
nate  leaflets,  J— f  of  an  inch  long.  Flowers 
deep  bluish-purple,  J  an  inch  long  or  less 
in  ciense  spike-like  racemes  1-4  inches  long  on 
peduncles  equalling  or  exceeding  the  leaves. 
In  dry  or  moist  soil  throughout  the  Rockies 
at  the  lower  elevations,  flowering  during 
June  and  July. 

Smooth  or  some  with  appressed 
americana  hairs>  trailing  or  climbing  2-3 
Muhl.  feet  long.  Leaves  nearly  sessile, 

American  2_^  inches  long,  tendril- bearing, 

with  8-14  elliptic,  ovate  or  ob- 


180  Papilionaceae 

long  leaflets,  J-iJ  inches  long,  obtuse  or 
sometimes  notched  or  mucronulate  at  the 
tip.  Flowers  bluish-purple  about  }  of  an 
inch  long,  3-9  in  loose  racemes,  on  peduncles 
usually  shorter  than  the  leaves. 

In  moist  ground  at  the  lower,  altitudes 
throughout  the  Rockies,  climbing  over  the 
surrounding  shrubs  and  herbaceous  plants; 
flowering  in  July. 

Smooth  or  nearly  so ;  stems  weak, 
Vicia  often  zigzag,  1-2  feet  long. 

hnearis  Leaves  tendril-bearing,  with  4-7 

(Nutt.)  . 

Greene  pairs  of  narrowly  linear  or  Imear- 

N arrow-  oblong  leaflets,    1-3  inches  long, 

leaved  entire,  acute  and  mucronate  at 

American  ^      t-  FloweTS  ^      Qr 

Vetch. 

purplish,  about  j  of  an  inch 
long,  2-6  in  loose  racemes,  on  peduncles 
shorter  than  or  about  equalling  the  leaves. 

In  dry  soil  at  low  altitudes  throughout 
the  Rockies  especially  near  the  line  of  the 
railway;  flowering  during  July. 


Papilionaceae  181 

Lathyrus  Smooth  or  sparingly  hairy,  stems 
palustris  L.  angled  and  winged,  slender,  1-3 
Marsh  feet  long;  stipules  half  sagittate, 

Vetchling.  , . 

lanceolate-linear  or  ovate-lance- 
olate, J  to  nearly  an  inch  long.  Leaves  with 
branched  tendrils  and  2-4  pairs  of  lanceolate 
oblong  or  linear,  acute,  mucronate  leaflets; 
iJ-4  inches  long.  Flowers  purple,  half  an 
inch  or  more  long,  2-6  in  loose-headed  ra- 
cemes on  peduncles  about  equaling  the 
leaves. 

In  wet  ground  and  swamps  at  the  lower 
altitudes  throughout  the  region;  flowering 
during  July. 

Stems  slender,  somewhat  angled, 
Lathyrus 

ochroleucus  trailing  °r  climbing,  smooth  and 
Hook.  slightly  glaucous,  2-2  J  feet  long, 

Cream-  stipules    broad    foliaceous,    half 

coloured  oyate  and  hglf  cordate>   j_x  inch 

Vetchling. 

long.  Leaves  with  branched 
tendrils  and  3-5  pairs  of  thin,  ovate  or 
broadly  oval,  obtuse  leaflets,  1-2  inches  long, 
green  above,  whitish  beneath.  Flowers 


1 82  Linaceae 

yellowish  or  creamy-white  J-f  of  an  inch 
long,  5-10  on  peduncles  shorter  than  the 
leaves. 

On  shaded  river  banks  and  hillsides  at 
the  lower  altitudes  throughout  the  Rockies ; 
flowering  during  June. 


LINAGES 
Flax  Family 

Herbs  with  perfect  regular  nearly  sym- 
metrical flowers;  sepals  5,  persistent;  petals 
5  and  alternate  with  the  sepals;  stamens  5 
opposite  the  sepals. 

Perennial   from   a   woody   root, 

1-2    feet   high,    densely   tufted, 
Lewisii 

Pursh.  smooth,       glaucous.         Leaves 

Lewis's  crowded,  oblong  or  linear,  J-iJ 

Wild  Flax.  jnches  long,  acute  or  acutish, 
3-5  nerved.  Flowers  bright  blue,  i-ij 
inches  broad;  petals  5,  soon  falling;  sepals 
5,  oval,  mainly  obtuse,  |  or  \  the  length 


Empetraceae  183 

of  the  petals;  stigmas  shorter  than  the 
styles;  stamens  5,  longer  than  the  styles. 

In  open,  dry,  stony  ground  and  slopes 
throughout  the  Rockies;  flowering  in  June 
and  July. 

EMPETRACEAE 
Crowberry  Family 

Low  evergreen  shrubs  with  narrow  nearly 
sessile  leaves  jointed  to  short  pulvini,  chan- 
nelled on  the  lower  side  by  the  revolute 
margins  and  small  monoecious,  dioecious  or 
rarely  polygamous  flowers;  sepals,  petals, 
and  stamens  each  3,  fruit  a  black,  berrylike 
drupe. 

Empetrum  Smooth  or  the  young  shoots 
nigrum  L.  hairy,  usually  much  branched, 
Black  the  branches  diffusely  spreading, 

2-10  inches  long.  Leaves 
crowded,  dark  green,  linear-oblong,  thick 
and  obtuse,  about  \  of  an  inch  long  with 
strongly  revolute,  roughish  margins.  Flow- 


1  84  Celastraceae 

ers  very  small,  purplish;  stamens  exserted; 
berry  nearly  J  of  an  inch  in  diameter,  black. 
Frequent  throughout  the  Rockies  in  damp 
woods,  especially  those  of  the  "Jack  Pine" 
where  it  frequently  forms  a  considerable 
part  of  the  forest  floor,  in  dense,  close  mats, 

s 

CELASTRACE^ 
'  Family 


Shrubs  with  simple  evergreen  leaves,  and 
regular  perfect  flowers,  sepals,  petals,  and 
stamens  each  4  in  our  species. 

Low    evergreen    shrub,    densely 
Pachystima  •       ,  1         .        . 

M  r  inites        branched  or  nearly  simple,   1-3 

(Pursh)  feet      high.     Leaves      opposite, 

Raf.  smooth,     ovate    to    oblong    or 

Mountain        lanceolate,  cuneate  at  the  base, 

Lover.  '  ir 

the  upper  half  serrate  or  serru- 

late |-i  inch  long  on  very  short  petioles, 
Flowers  small  in  axillary  cymes;  petals  4, 
stamens  4,  inserted  at  the  edge  of  the  broad 
disc. 


. 

C     O 


Aceraceae  185 

In  gravelly  and  stony  situations  extending 
from  the  Valley  of  the  Columbia  River  at 
Beavermouth,  westward  throughout  the  Sel- 
kirks,  the  minute  blossoms  appearing  in  the 
latter  part  of  May;  a  pretty  but  very  varia- 
ble shrub  in  habit  and  leaf  form. 

ACERACE^ 

Maple  Family 

Trees  or  shrubs  with  watery  often  saccha- 
rine sap,  opposite,  simple  and  palmately 
lobed  leaves  and  axillary  or  terminal,  cy- 
mose  or  racemose,  regular,  polygamous  or 
dioecious  flowers;  fruit  of  2  long- winged 
samaras,  joined  at  the  base. 

Acer  lab  ^  shrub  or  small  tree  6-30  feet 
rum  Torr.  high,  2-8  inches  in  diameter, 
Smooth  smooth  throughout  except  the 

aP e'  scales    which   are    densely    soft 

hairy  inside.  Leaves  round  cordate  with 
shallow  sinus,  2-4  inches  broad  and  near- 
ly as  long,  more  or  less  deeply  3 -lobed 


1 86  Hypericaceae 

or  parted,  the  ovate -acuminate  lobes  doubly 
serrate  with  slender  teeth;  conspicuously 
veined.  Flowers  greenish-yellow,  somewhat 
corymbose  on  short  2 -leaved  branchlets 
appearing  after  the  leaves.  Fruit  smooth  with 
slightly  spreading  wings  about  an  inch  long. 
One  of  the  few  deciduous  trees  of  the 
region,  growing  on  slopes  with  the  other 
forest  trees  and  in  the  moist  valleys. 

HYPERICACEAE 
St.  John's-Wort  Family 

Herbs  in  our  species  with  opposite,  black- 
dotted  leaves,  and  cymose  yellow  flowers; 
sepals  and  petals  5,  twisted  in  the  bud; 
stamens  many. 

Simple  or  sparingly  branched 
Hypericum  ,  „ 

above  often  with  numerous  small 
Scoulen 

Hook.  branchlets    from    running    root- 

Scoukr's  St.     stocks,    1-2  feet   high.     Leaves 
John's-  thmj  shorter  than  the  internodes, 

about  an  inch  long,  mostly 
obtuse,  more  or  less  clasping  and  usually 


Violaceae  187 

black-dotted  along  the  margin.'  Flowers 
bright  orange,  J-i  inch  in  diameter  in  more 
or  less  panicled  cymes,  sepals  oval  or  oblong, 
much  shorter  than  the  petals,  stamens 
numerous  in  three  fascicles. 

In  moist  gravelly  soil  in  the  Selkirks  at 
Glacier ;  flowering  in  July. 

VIOLACEAE 
Violet  Family 

Herbs  in  our  species  with  basal  or  alter- 
nate simple  leaves  and  solitary  or  clustered 
perfect  irregular  flowers;  sepals  5,  petals  5, 
the  lower  one  larger  or  with  a  posterior  spur. 

Acaulescent ;  rootstock  short  and 
Viola 
cognata  thick.       Leaves      long-petioled, 

Greene.  smooth  or  more  or  less  hairy, 

Early  Blue  slightly  fleshy,  cordate  with  a 
broad  sinus,  acute  or  acuminate, 
crenately  toothed.  Flowers  large,  blue  or 
violet,  scapes  2-10  inches  long,  equalling  or 
surpassing  the  leaves;  petals  narrow,  J-J 


1  88  Violaceae 

of  an  inch  long,  all  villous  at  the  base,  the 
3  lower  strongly  so. 

In  moist  shaded  ground,  on  stream  banks 
and  in  marshes,  frequent  throughout  the 
Rockies;  flowering  in  May  and  early  June. 


Acaulescent,     smooth,     petioles 
Viola 


palustris  L.  an^  scapes  arising  from  a  very 
Marsh  slender,  creeping  or  horizontal 

Vwlet.  rootstock,     the     scapes    mostly 

exceeding  the  leaves.  Leaves  thin,  cordate, 
broadly  ovate,  orbicular  or  reniform,  i-2j 
inches  wide,  crenulate.  Flowers  pale  lilac 
or  nearly  white  with  darker  veins;  petals 
broad,  J-J  an  inch  long,  spur  short. 

In  marshy  places  among  moss  in  the  Sel- 
kirks  near  Glacier;  flowering  in  June;  not 
a  common  species  in  the  region. 

Viola  Sparingly  hairy,  stems  weak  and 

semper-  decumbent,  multiplying  by  long 

virens 

Greene  slender      rootstocks.         Leaves 

Low  Yellow  mostly  basal,  rounded,  cordate, 
Violet.  reniform  or  sometimes  ovate 


Violaceae  189 

J-i|  inches  broad,  finely  crenate  ;  peduncles 
mostly  exceeding  the  leaves.  Flowers  yel- 
low; petals  oblong,  J  of  an  inch  or  more 
long,  sparingly  veined  with  brown  toward 
the  base;  spur  short  and  sac-like. 

In  open  woocls  throughout  the  region  at 
elevations  ranging  from  5000  to  7000  feet, 
blossoming  very  early  in  May  or  June 
shortly  after  the  melting  of  the  snow. 


Minutely  hairy  or  smooth,  stems 

fleshy  from  a  short  fleshy  hori- 
glabella 

Nutt.    Tall      zontal  rhizome,  naked  or  spar- 


Yellow  ingly  leafy   below,    5-12   inches 

Violet.  high.       Basal    leaves    on    long 

petioles,  the  upper  short-  petioled  reni- 
form-cordate  to  cordate,  acute,  crenate- 
toothed,  1-4  inches  broad.  Flowers  bright 
yellow  on  peduncles  mainly  shorter  than 
the  leaves;  petals  broadly  oblong,  J-J  an 
inch  or  more  long,  the  lateral  and  lower  with 
brown  lines  at  the  base. 

A   striking   plant    on    shaded    banks   and 
borders  of  streams  and  rills  at  the  higher 


1 90  Violaceae 

altitudes,  very  abundant  in  the  Selkirks; 
flowering  in  June. 

Smooth  or  nearly  so;  stems  3-14 
canadensis  inches  high,  tufted,  leafy 
L.  Canada  throughout.  Leaves  broadly 
Violet.  ovate  or  nearly  orbicular,  cor- 

date, acuminate  or  acute,  i-2|  inches  long, 
serrate,  the  veins  on  the  lower  surface  often 
hairy.  Flowers  on  peduncles  mainly  shorter 
than  the  leaves,  pale  violet  or  nearly  white, 
veined  with  purple,  and  often  tinged  with 
purple  on  the  outside,  J-f  of  an  inch  broad ; 
petals  nearly  in  the  same  plane. 

In  rich  moist  woods  throughout  the 
Rockies  and  occasionally  in  the  open  alpine 
meadows,  continuing  in  flower  from  June 
until  September. 

Viola  Slightly  hairy  or  nearly  smooth, 

adunca  branching  from  the  base,  usually 

longipes  ,  .   , 

V-i  i  inches  high,  at  length  send- 
(Nutt.) 

Rydb.  ing  out  runners  that  bear  cleis- 

Dog  Violet.  togamic  flowers.  Leaves  ovate, 
more  or  less  cordate  at  the  base,  J-iJ  inches 


Elaeagnaceae 


191 


long,  obscurely  crenate.  Flowers  on  peduncles 
usually  longer  than  the  leaves,  violet-purple 
to  white  ;  petals  J  an  inch  or  more  long  ;  spur 
f  of  an  inch  long,  rather  slender  and  curved. 
A  low-stemmed  violet  usually  with  brilliant 
blue  flowers,  growing  in  dry,  sandy,  shaded 
or  open  ground  at  varying  elevations  through- 
out the  Rockies:  flowering  in  June  and  July. 


Oleaster  Family 

Shrubs  or  trees  mostly  silvery-scaly  or 
stellate-pubescent  with  entire  leaves  and 
flowers  clustered  in  the  axils  or  at  the 
nodes  of  twigs  of  the  preceding  season; 
fruit  drupe-like. 

Stamens  as  many  as  the  perianth  parts  ;  flowers  perfect 
or  polygamous  ;  leaves  alternate.  Elaeagnus. 

Stamens  twice  as  many  as  the  perianth  parts;  flowers 
dioecious;  leaves  opposite.  Lepargyraea, 

,,.  A  stoloniferous  much  branched 

Elaeagnus 

argentea          shrub  sometimes    12    feet  high, 
Pursh.  the   young  twigs   covered   with 

Silver  Berry.     Drown  scurf  ,   becoming  silvery. 


192 


Elaeagnaceae 


Leaves  oblong-ovate  or.  ovate-lanceolate, 
densely  silvery-scurfy  on  both  sides,  acute 
or  obtuse  short  petioled,  1-4  inches  long, 
Flowers  usually  numerous  in  the  axils  of 
the  leaves,  fragrant,  silvery,  |  an  inch  or 
more  long;  perianth  silvery  without,  yellowish 
within,  the  lobes  ovate  and  short. 

On  the  eastern  slope  of  the  Rockies,  on 
the  banks  of  the  rivers  and  streams,  very 
abundant  at  Banff  on  the  Bow  and  Spray 
rivers;  flowering  in  June. 

A    shrub    4-8    feet    high,    with 
Lepargyraea 
canadensis        brown-scurfy       young      shoots. 

(L.)  Greene.  Leaves  with  short  petioles,  ovate 
Canadian  or  oval,  obtuse  at  the  apex, 
Buffalo-  rounded  or  some  of  them  nar- 
rowed at  the  base,  i-ij  inches 
long,  green  and  sparingly  scurfy,  stellate 
above,  densely  silvery,  stellate,  scurfy  be- 
neath, some  of  the  scurf  usually  brown. 
Flowers  small,  yellowish,  in  short  spikes 
at  the  nodes  of  the  twigs,  expanding 
with  or  before  the  leaves;  fruit  showy, 


Onagraceae  193 

J  of  an  inch  in  diameter,  translucent, 
varying  in  colour  on  different  plants  from 
orange  to  brilliant  crimson. 

Thickets  and  wooded  banks  throughout 
the  Rockies;  flowering  in  May  or  early 
June. 


ONAGRACEAE 

Evening  Primrose  Family 

Herbs,  with  alternate  or  opposite  leaves 
and  perfect  flowers;  calyx  tube  adnate  to 
the  ovary,  2-6  lobed;  petals  white,  yellow, 
pink,  or  purple,  folded  on  each  other  in  the 
bud;  stamens  usually  as  many  or  twice  as 
many  as  the  petals. 

Parts  of  the  flower  in  4*3;  seeds  with  tufts  of  hair  on 

the  ends- 
Calyx  tube  not  prolonged  beyond  the  ovary;  flowers 
large.  Chamaenerion. 

Calyx   tube   prolonged   beyond   the   ovary;    flowers 
usually  small.  Epilobium. 

Parts  of  the  flowers  in  2's;  fruit  with  hooked  hairs. 

Circaea. 

13 


f 


194 


Onagraceae 


<s  ^ 
$  "« 
•*  fv 


Chamaener- 
ion  angusti- 
folium  (L.) 
Scop. 
Great 
Willow- 
herb,  Fire- 
weed. 


Erect,  stout,  simple  or  branched, 
usually  smooth,  2-8  feet  high. 
Leaves  numerous,  alternate,  very 
short  petioled,  lanceolate,  entire 
or  denticulate,  2-6  inches  long, 
J-i  inch  wide,  pale  beneath,  thin, 
acute  at  the  apex,  the  lateral  veins 
confluent  in  marginal  loops.  Flowers  f-ij 
inches  broad,  reddish- purple,  in  elongated  ter- 
minal spike-like  racemes,  1-2  feet  or  more  long. 
An  abundant  plant  throughout  the  entire 
region  on  open  mountain  sides  and  banks, 
especially  where  visited  by  fire,  flowrering 
throughout  the  summer,  the  air  being  filled 
with  the  white  cottony  seeds  a  few  weeks 
after  flowering  commences. 


Chamaener- 
ion  lati- 
folium  (L.) 
Sweet. 
Broad- 
leaved 
Willow- 
herb. 


Erect,  usually  branching,  very 
smooth  below,  6-18  inches  high. 
Leaves  mostly  sessile,  1-2  inches 
long,  J-J  an  inch  wide,  denticu- 
late or  entire,  lanceolate  or 
ovate-lanceolate,  acutish  at  both 
ends,  thick,  those  of  the  branches 


a  Epilobium   luteum   Pursh.     Yellow   Willow-Herb.     (yg    Nat.) 
b  Chamaenerion  latifolium    (L.)    Sweet.     Broad-Leaved  Willow- 

Herb. 


Onagraceae  195 

opposite,  the  veins  inconspicuous.  Flowers 
reddish-purple,  1-2  inches  broad,  mainly  in 
short  leafy-bracted  racemes;  petals  entire; 
stigma  4-lobed. 

On  gravelly  river  bars  and  moist  clayey 
banks  throughout  the  entire  region ;  flowering 
during  July. 

Stems    rather    stout,     1-2    feet 
Epilobium 
luteum  mgn»     usually     simple,     nearly 

Pursh.  smooth.    Leaves  1-3  inches  long, 

Yellow  ovate    or    elliptical    to    broadly 

Willow-  lanceolate,  acute  or  acuminate, 

sinuate-toothed,  sessile,  or  when 
large,  obliquely  tapering  to  a  winged  petiole, 
slightly  fleshy.  Inflorescence  with  more  or 
less  glandular  pubescence;  flowers  about  f 
of  an  inch  long,  not  opening  widely,  pale 
yellow,  rather  few,  at  first  nodding  in  the 
axils  of  the  upper  leaves;  style  usually  ex- 
serted  and  deeply  4-parted. 

A  rather  rare  plant  in  springy  places  and 
along  alpine  brooks,  confined  to  the  Selkirks; 
flowering  during  July, 


Onagraceae 


Epilobium 
alpinum  L. 


Willow- 
herb. 


Slender,  smooth  or  nearly  so, 
3-12  inches  high.  Leaves  pale, 
petioled,  opposite  or  the  upper 
alternate,  obtuse  or  obtusish  at 
the  apex,  J-f  of  an  inch  long. 

Flowers  few,  white,   nearly  erect,    J   of  an 

inch  or  more  broad;  stigma  nearly  entire; 

capsules  slender  stalked,    1-2    inches    long, 

seeds  beaked. 

In  damp  and  springy  places  at  the  higher 

altitudes   throughout   the   region;   flowering 

in  July. 


Epilobium 
anagallidi- 
folium  Lam. 
Nodding 
Willow- 
herb. 


Low,  usually  tufted,  2-6  inches 
high,  slender,  smooth  or  nearly 
so;  stems  commonly  hairy  in 
lines  and  nodding  at  the  apex. 
Leaves  oblong  or  narrowly  ovate, 
entire  or  nearly  so,  obtuse  at  the 
apex,  narrowed  at  the  base  into  a  short 
petiole  J-i  inch  long.  Flowers  few,  axillary, 
clustered  at  the  apex,  pink-purple,  nodding, 
about  1  of  an  inch  broad;  stigma  entire. 
On  damp  stones  and  along  alpine  brooks 


Onagraceae  197 

at  high   elevations  throughout  the   region; 
flowering    during   midsummer. 

Erect,  6-12  inches  high,  simple 
Epilobium  , .  , 

Hornemanni      OT  nearly  SO'  sllghtly  halry  ab°Ve' 
Reichb.  otherwise  smooth.    Leaves  short- 

Home-  petioled,  ovate  or  elliptic,  mostly, 

mann's  broadly    obtuse    at    the    apex, 

Willow- 

,    ,  narrow  or  rounded  at  the  base, 

herb. 

entire  or  rather  remotely  denticu- 
late, thin,  J-iJ  inches  long.  Flowers  few 
in  the  upper  axils,  pink-purple  or  vio- 
let, |  of  an  inch  or  more  broad;  stigma 
entire. 

A  frequent  and  very  variable  species 
throughout  the  region  at  the  higher  eleva- 
tions, along  alpine  brooks  or  in  damp,  partly 
shaded  or  springy  spots;  flowering  during 
June  and  July. 

Mostly  smooth  or  slightly  hairy 
alpina  L.  above,  3-8  inches  high.  Leaves 
Smaller  acute  or  acuminate  at  the  apex, 

Enchanter's       mQre  Qr  legs  cordate  at  the  base, 
Nightshade.  .  t 

coarsely  dentate,  1-2  inches  long. 


198  Onagraceae 

Flowers  about  J  of  an  inch  broad,  white, 
on  pedicels  nearly  J  of  an  inch  long,  sub- 
tended by  minute,  slender  bracts,  in  a  slen- 
der raceme;  fruit  nearly  obovoid,  about  J  of 
an  inch  long,  covered  with  weak  hooked 
hairs. 

In  moist  shaded  situations  and  beside 
alpine  brooks,  through  the  Selkirks;  flower- 
ing in  July. 

Mostly  smooth,  stems  usually 
Circaea  paci-  .  ,  ,  .  ,  . 

simple,   6-12  inches  high,  from 

fica  Achers 

and  Magnus.  a  small  tuber.  Leaves  ovate, 
Western  rounded  or  cordate  at  the  base, 

Enchanter's      acute    or    acuminate,   repandly 

Nightshade.         -  .      ,          1  . 

dentate,  1-3  inches  long,  the 
slender  petiole  about  the  same  length. 
Flowers  white,  very  small  in  slender  ra- 
cemes, without  bracts ;  fruit  about  J  of  an 
inch  long  loosely  covered  with  soft  curved 
hairs. 

Growing  oftentimes  with  the  other  species 
in  moist  shaded  situations  through  the  Sel- 
kirks; flowering  in  July. 


Araliaceae  199 

ARALIACE^E 
Ginseng  Family 

Herbs,  shrubs  or  trees  with  alternate  or 
verticillate  leaves,  and  flowers  in  umbels, 
heads  or  panicles;  calyx  tube  adnate  to  the 
ovary;  petals  usually  5,  sometimes  cohering 
together ;  stamens  as  many  as  the  petals  and 
alternate  with  them;  seeds  flattened,  some- 
what 3 -angled  with  a  coloured,  fleshy  cover- 
ing. 

Herbs;  leaves  compound.  Aralia. 

Shrubs;  leaves  simple.  Echinopanax. 

Acaulescent  or  nearly  so,  root- 

raia  stock  long.     Leaf  usually  soil- 

nudicaulis 
L  Wild  tary,  arising  with  the  peduncle 

Sarsapa-  from  a  very  short  stem;  petiole 
r/llla-  erect,  6-12  inches  long,  primary 

divisions  of  the  leaf  slender,  stalked,  pin- 
nately  3-5  foliate;  leaflets  sessile  or  short 
stalked,  oval  or  ovate,  acuminate,  rounded  at 
the  base,  finely  serrate,  2-5  inches  long,  often 
hairy  on  the  veins  beneath.  Flowers  on  a  ped- 


200  Araliaceae 

uncle  usually  shorter  than  the  leaves ;  umbels 
usually  three,  nearly  round,  composed  of 
numerous  small  greenish  flowers. 

In  rich  woods  throughout  the  region, 
flowering  in  July. 

Very  prickly  throughout;  stems 

Echino-  erect    from   a   decumbent   base 

panax  ^     ^^    ^.    <        ^,        ^     ^ 

horridum 

(Smith)  toP-    Leaves    roundish,  cordate, 

Dec.  and  prickly  on  both  sides,  palmately 
Planch.  lobed,  more  or  less  hairy  be- 

neath, 6-24  inches  long.  Flowers 
Club. 

greenish-white  in  a  dense  ter- 
minal paniculate  umbel ;  petals  5 ;  stamens 
5,  alternate  with  the  petals;  fruit  berry-like, 
laterally  compressed,  bright  scarlet  when 
ripe. 

An  ornamental  though  very  prickly  shrub, 
in  moist  rich  woods  throughout  the  region, 
sparingly  in  the  Rockies,  west  of  the  di- 
vide, but  very  abundant  in  the  Selkirks 
where  it  frequently  forms  dense  impenetrable 
thickets,  flowering  in  early  summer. 


Echinopanax  horridum  (Smith)  Dec.  &  Planch.  (%  Nat.) 
Devil's  Club. 


Apiaceae  201 

APIACE^E 
Celery  Family 

Herbs  with  alternate,  compound  or  simple 
leaves;  flowers  small,  white,  yellow  or  purple 
in  compound  flat  heads;  fruit  dry,  usually 
of  two  flattened  carpels. 

Stems  1-2  feet  high. 

Leaves  pinnately  or  ternately  compound,  cut  into 

fine  divisions. 

Flowers  yellow  or  white;  not  purple.      Lomatium. 

Flowers  purple.  Leptotaenia. 

Leaves    simple   or  3-lobed;  flowers   yellow.       Zizia. 

Stems  2-3  feet  high;  leaves  ternate.  Ligusticum. 

Stems  4-8  feet  high,  soft-hairy. 

Leaves  ternately  divided ;  flowers  white. 

Heracleum. 

Lomatium        Nearly    stemless,    4-24    inches 

macro-  high,  more  or  less  hairy,  much 

carpum 

(Nutt )  branched  at  the  base  from  an 

C.  and  R.         elongated    thick    root.      Leaves 
Large-  pinnately   compound,    segments 

see  e  pinnately  incised,  on  rather  short 

Parsley. 

petioles,    purplish   at  the   base; 

flowers  white  or  pinkish  in  a  somewhat  equally 
3-io-rayed  umbel;  rays  1-4  inches  long. 


2O2 


Apiaceae 


In  dry  stony  ground  throughout  the 
Rockies,  very  abundant  on  the  lower  ridges  in 
the  vicinity  of  Banff;  flowering  in  early  June. 


Purplish  at  the  base,  with  or 
without  stems,  1-2  feet  high, 
slightly  hairy.  Leaves  twice  or 
thrice  ternate,  the  leaflets  nar- 
rowly linear,  2-4  inches  long. 
Flowers  small,  deep  yellow  in 
an  unequal  umbel  of  5-18  rays, 

with  slender  bracts. 

Through  the  Rockies  on  dry  ridges  and 

grassy  slopes;  flowering  in  early  June. 


Lomatum 
triternatum 

(Pursh). 
C.  and  R. 

Narrow- 
leaved 
Parsley. 


Stems  1-3  feet  high,  very  leafy 
at  the  base,  from  a  large  fleshy 
rootstock.  Leaves  ternate  or 
thrice  pinnate,  segments  very 
finely  cut.  Flowers  small,  brown- 
ish-purple in  nearly  equal  8-20  rayed, 
rounded  umbels,  3-4  inches  in  diameter, 
usually  without  an  involucer. 

A  most  striking  plant  from  its  beautifully 


Leptotaenia 
multifida 

Nutt. 

Cut-leaved 

Parsley. 


Apiaceae  203 

dissected  leaves  and  rather  large  heads  of  rich 
brownish-purple  flowers  blossoming  in  June  ; 
on  grassy  slopes  of  Stony  Squaw,  Banff. 

Stout,     erect,      branched,     and 

smooth  or  somewhat  hairy,  1-2 
cordata 


(Walt.)  fe6^    high-       Basal    and    lower 

Koch.  leaves     long-petioled,      broadly 

Heart-  ovate    or   orbicular,    undivided, 

.deeply  cordate  at  the  base,  1-3 

Alexanders. 

inches  long,  crenate  ;  stem  leaves 
short-  petioled,  ternate,  the  segments  ovate 
or  oval,  crenate  or  lobed.  Flowers  small, 
bright  yellow,  in  nearly  flat  7-16  rayed 
umbels,  1-2  inches  in  diameter. 

Common  on  the  eastern  slopes  and  foot- 
hills of  the  Rockies;  flowering  in  May  and 
early  June. 

Ligusticum       Smooth  throughout  except  the 

apn  o  mm        slightly  hairy  inflorescence  and 

(Nutt.)  *      \ 

A  Gray          rough  leaf  margins;  stems   2-3 

Wild  feet  high  with  1-3  rather  small 

Parsley.  leaves    with    inflated     petioles. 

Leaves     ternately    divided,    the    segments 


204  Apiaceae 

usually  distinct,  ovate,  deeply  cleft  into  linear 
acute,  sharply  serrate  or  entire  lobes.  Flow- 
ers white  in  nearly  flat,  many  rayed  umbels, 
2-3  inches  in  diameter. 

Abundant  in  wet  places  and  along  streams 
through  the  Selkirks,  especially  so  in  the 
Asulkan  Valley  at  Glacier;  flowering  in  June 
and  July. 

Very  stout,  soft  hairy,  4-8    feet 
Heracleum 

lanatum  high»    the    stems    rigid»    often    2 

Michx.  inches  thick  at  the  base.    Leaves 

Cow"  petioled,  ternately  divided,  very 

*™  hairy     beneath,     the    segments 

broadly  ovate  or  orbicular,  cordate,  stalked, 
lobed  or  sharply  serrate,  rather  thin,  3-6 
inches  broad;  petioles  much  inflated.  Flow- 
ers white  in  8-30  rayed  umbels,  6-12 
inches  broad,  the  rays  stout,  2-4  inches 


Common  throughout  the  region  in  wet 
places  along  streams  and  river  banks,  fre- 
quently growing  in  great  masses;  flowering 
in  June  and  July. 


Cornus  canadensis  intermedia  Farr. 
Bunch-Berry. 


Nat.) 


Cornaceae  205 

CORNACE^ 

Dogwood  Family 

Shrubs  or  trees  with  simple,  opposite, 
verticillate  or  alternate  leaves,  usually  entire ; 
flowers  in  cymes,  heads,  or  rarely  solitary; 
sepals  and  petals  4  or  5,  stamens  as  many 
as  the  petals  or  more  numerous  and  inserted 
with  them;  fruit  a  drupe. 


Smooth,  herbaceous  from  a 
nearly  horizontal  rootstock, 
woody  only  at  the  base;  flower- 
ing stems,  erect,  scaly,  5-7  inches 
high.  Leaves  verticillate  at  the 
summit  of  the  stem  or  sometimes 
i  or  2  pairs  of  opposite  ones 
below,  sessile,  oval,  ovate  or 
obovate,  smooth  or  minutely  appressed, 
pubescent,  acute  at  each  end  or  sometimes 
rounded,  at  the  base,  entire,  1-3  inches  long. 
Flowers  small,  capitate,  purple,  surrounded 
by  a  white  involucre  of  4-6  petaloid-ovate 
bracts,  J-f  of  an  inch  long;  stamens  alter- 


Cornus 

canadensis 

intermedia 

Farr. 

Dwarf 

Cornel. 

Bunch 

berry. 


206  Cornaceae 

nate  with  the  petals;  styles  exserted,  deep 
purple;  fruit  globose,  J  of  an  inch  in  diameter 
in  a  close  head ;  bright  red. 

Common  throughout  the  region  in  moist 
woods  flowering  in  early  summer. 

Coraus  Shrub    3-16    feet   high,    usually 

stolonifera  stoloniferous,  the  twigs  smooth 

Michx.  and    bright     reddish-purple     or 

Red"  the      youngest      finely      hairy. 

stemmed  ,  ..        1  .    1 

Do  wood  Leaves  slender-petioled,  ovate, 
ovate-lanceolate  or  oval,  acute 
or  short  acuminate,  rounded  or  narrowed 
at  the  base,  finely  close-hairy  above,  white 
or  whitish  and  sparingly  hairy  beneath  or 
sometimes  smooth  on  both  surfaces,  1-5 
inches  long.  Flowers  in  flat-topped  cymes, 
1-2  inches  broad,  petals  white,  less  than  J 
of  an  inch  long;  berries  white  or  whitish. 

In  moist  places  and  along  streams  and 
river  banks  throughout  the  region ;  an  attrac- 
tive shrub,  sometimes  forming  thickets  of  • 
considerable  size,  the  red  stems  contrasting 
beautifully  with  the  dark  green  leaves;  flow- 
ering in  June. 


Pyrolaceae  207 

PYROLACE^E 

Winter  green  Family 

Low,  mostly  evergreen  perennials  with 
branched  rootstocks  and  petioled  leaves ; 
flowers  nearly  regular,  white  or  pink;  calyx 
4-5-lobed;  corolla  deeply  4-5 -parted  or  of 
5  petals;  stamens  twice  as  many  as  the 
divisions  of  the  corolla,  anthers  opening 
by  pores  or  short  slits;  stigma  5-lobed. 

Flowers  racemose ;  leaves  basal.  Pyrola. 

Flowers    solitary    or  corymbose;    leaves  opposite    or 

whorled. 
Stem  leafy  at  base;  flower  solitary;  style  long. 

Moneses. 

Stem  horizontal;  branches  erect,  leafy;  style  short. 

Chimaphila. 

Stems  4-10  inches  high,  3-10 
chlorantha  flowered.  Leaves  all  basal,  small, 
Sw.  orbicular  or  broadly  oval,  mostly 

Greenish-         obtuse  at  both  ends,  sometimes 
flowered  narrowed    at    the    base,    thick, 

Wintergreen. 

leathery,  dull,  obscurely  crenu- 
late  or  entire,  J-i  inch  long,  shorter  than 
or  equalling  the  petioles.  Flowers  greenish- 


208  Pyrolaceae 

white,  nodding,  slightly  odorous,  about  half 
an  inch  broad;  stamens  and  style  declined, 
ascending;  anther  sacs  short-beaked. 

On  dry  wooded  slopes  throughout  the 
Rockies;  flowering  during  June. 

Pyrola  Scape    6-12    inches  .high,   7-15- 

uliginosa  flowered.     Leaves  broadly  oval 

Torr.  Bog  or  orbicular,  dull,  rather  thick, 

Wintergreen.  obscurely    crenulate,     obtuse    at 

both  ends.  Flowers  frequently  over  half  an 
inch  broad;  calyx  lobes  oblong  or  ovate- 
lanceolate,  J-J  the  length  of  the  petals;  style 
and  stamens  declined;  anther  sacs  beaked. 

In  bogs  throughout  the  Rockies,  a  very 
pretty  species  with  bright  rosy  flowers  and 
rounded  leaves;  flowering  in  July. 

Stem  6-15  inches  high,  7-15- 
asarifolia  flowered.  Leaves  reniform,  usu- 
Michx.  ally  wider  than  long,  thick, 

Liver-leaf  ( shining  above,  obtuse  at  the 
Wintergreen. 

apex,  cordate  at  the  base,  crenu- 
late, i-ij  inches  long,  usually  shorter  than 


'<* 

J 


a  Pyrola  asarifolia  Michx.     Liver-Leaf  Wintergreen. 

b  Pyrola  uliginosa  Torr. 

c  Moneses  uniflora    (L.)    A.   Gray.  One-Flowered  Wintergreen. 

(%  Nat.) 


Pyrolaceae  209 

the  narrowly  margined  petioles.  Flowers  |-f 
of  an  inch  broad,  pink,  nodding  in  a  slen- 
der raceme  2-4  inches  long;  stamens  and 
style  declined,  ascending;  style'  exserted. 

In  damp  ground,  in  woods  and  swamps 
throughout  the  Rockies;  flowering  in  July. 

^     t  Leaf  blades  thin,  broadly  oval 

Pyrola 

minor  L.  or  nearly  orbicular,  dark  green, 
Lesser  crenulate,  obtuse  but  sometimes 

Wintergreen.  witn  a  spine-tipped  apex, 
rounded,  slightly  narrowed  or  subcordate 
at  the  base  |-i  inch  long.  Flowers  pinkish, 
\  inch  broad,  nodding,  in  a  close  raceme; 
style  straight  included,  stamens  not  inclined. 
In  damp  mossy  places  throughout  the  re- 
gion at  the  higher  altitudes ;  flowering  in  July. 

Pyrola  Stems  generally  several  together, 

secunda  L.  from  the  much  branched  root- 

One-sided  stock,  slender,  4-10  inches  high. 

Wintergreen.  LeavQS  QVate  Qr  often  oval>  thin> 

acute  or  rarely  obtuse  at  the  apex,  rounded 
or  narrowed  at  the  base,  crenulate -serrate, 
14 


210  Pyrolaceae 

f-2  inches  long,  longer  than  the  petioles. 
Flowers  greenish- white,  J  of  an  inch  or  more 
broad,  many,  at  first  erect  but  soon  drooping, 
in  a  dense  one-sided  raceme;  style  straight, 
exserted;  stamens  not  declined, 

Common  in  woods  throughout  the  region  at 
theloweraltitudes ;  flowering  during  early  July. 

Stem  bearing  1-3  pairs  or 
Moneses 

uniflora  (L.)  whorls   of   leaves   at   the   base, 

A.  Gray.  continued  above  into  a  bracted 

'One-lowered  or  naked  scape  2-6  inches  high. 

Winter  green.  T  i  •      1  1 

Leaves  orbicular  or  ovate,  ob- 
tuse at  the  apex,  narrowed,  rounded  or 
sometimes  subcordate  at  the  base,  rather 
thin,  J-i  inch  long,  longer  than  or  equalling 
the  petioles.  Flowers  white,  \-\  of  an  inch 
broad,  nodding  at  the  summit  of  the  stem; 
petals  spreading;  capsule  J  of  an  inch  in 
diameter,  about  as  long  as  the  persistent 
style  and  lobed  stigma ;  the  stamens  in  pairs 
opposite  each  petal. 

In  mossy  spots  in  the  woods  throughout 
the  region ;  flowering  in  early  July. 


Ericaceae  2 1 1 

Stems  extensively  creeping,  send- 
Chimaphila  .  ' 

ing  up  both  stenle  and  flowering 

(L.)  Nutt.  branches  3-12  inches  high. 
Pipsissewa,  Leaves  numerous,  crowded  near 
Prince's  ^  summjt  of  the  stem,  spatu- 

late  or  cuneate-oblanceolate, 
obtuse  or  acutish  at  the  apex,  sharply  ser- 
rate, bright  green  and  shining,  1-2 1  inches 
long,  J— i  inch  wide  above  the  middle. 
Flowers  several  in  an  umbellate  head,  waxy 
white  or  pink,  the  form  of  the  region  being 
usually  bright,  rosy  pink,  \  an  inch  or  more 
broad,  petals  spreading  with  the  rosy  pink 
anthers  opposite  them  in  pairs;  capsule 
about  J  of  an  inch  broad  surmounted  by 
the  short  style. 

Locally  abundant  throughout  the  region; 
flowering  during  July. 

ERICACEAE 
Heath  Family 

In  our  species,  shrubs  with  simple  leaves 
and    perfect    flowers;    calyx    free    from   the 


2 1 2  Ericaceae 

ovary  4-5 -parted,  mostly  persistent;  corolla 
regular,  4-5 -toothed,  -lobed  or  -parted; 
stamens  usually  as  many  or  twice  as  many 
as  the  corolla  lobes;  anthers  2 -celled,  at- 
tached to  the  filaments  by  the  back  or  base, 
the  sacs,  often  prolonged  upwardly  into 
tubes;  ovary  2 -5 -celled;  fruit  a  capsule, 
berry  or  drupe. 

Fruit  a  berry  or  drupe. 

Calyx  becoming  large  and  fleshy.  Gaultheria. 

Calyx  small. 

Leaves  thick  and  leathery;  drupe  reddish-brown. 

Arctostaphylos. 
Leaves  membranous,  veiny;  drupe  scarlet. 

Mairania. 
Fruit  a  dry  capsule. 

Anther  cells  each  with  a  recurved  tip.  Cassiope. 

Anther  cells  not  appendaged. 
Corolla  with  united  petals. 

Bracts  firm,  persistent;  no  scaly  leaf -buds. 
Leaves  heath-like ;  corolla  without  pouches. 

Phyllodoce. 
Leaves  lanceolate;  corolla  with  pouches. 

Kalmia. 
Bracts  thin,  deciduous ;  leaf-buds  scaly. 

Corolla  funnel-form,   5 -lobed.        Azaleastrum. 
Corolla  globose,  4-toothed.  Menziesia. 

Corolla  with  distinct  petals. 

Flowers  white,  umbelled;  leaves  evergreen. 

Ledum. 


a  Oxycoccus  oxycoccus  (L.)   MacM.  Small  Cranberry. 

b    Gaultheria   ovatifolia    A.    Gray.     Ovate-Leaved   Wintergreen. 

c   Vitis-icUea  vitis-idaea  (L.)  Britton.     Mountain  Cranberry. 

(%    Nat.) 


Ericaceae 


213 


Gaultheria  Depressed,     trailing,     with    as- 

ovatifolia  cending     branches     with     rusty 

A.  Gray.  hairs.      Leaves    broadly    ovate, 

Ovate-leaved  i_T    inch   long>    serrulate,    dark 

Winter  green  . 

green  and  shining  above,  lighter 
beneath.  Flowers  pink  or  nearly  white, 
campanulate,  less  than  J  of  an  inch  long, 
on  short  solitary  pedicels  in  the  axils  of  the 
leaves;  fruit  bright  scarlet,  J  of  an  inch  in 
diameter. 

A  rather  rare  plant  in  the  region  but 
abundant  in  places  on  the  slopes  of  Ava- 
lanche Mountain  at  Glacier. 


Tufted,  creeping  or  depressed, 
smooth,  the  flowering  branches 
1-5  inches  long.  Leaves  oval 
or  rounded,  mostly  only  |  an 
inch  long;  pedicels  solitary  in 
the  axils,  very  short,  3-5  bracteo- 
late.  Flowers  depressed-campanulate,  white 
or  pinkish,  little  surpassing  the  calyx;  fruit 
scarlet,  J  of  an  inch  in  diameter. 

Common     in    alpine    meadows    through- 


Gaultheria 
humifusa 

(Graham) 
Rydb. 
Low 
Winter  green. 


214  Ericaceae 

out  the  Rockies  and   Selkirks;  flowering  in 

July. 

Trailing  or  spreading  on  the 
Arctosta-  ground;  branches  6-24  inches 
phylos  Uva-  j  the  twi  soft_hairy. 

Ursi  (L.) 

Leaves  leathery,  evergreen,  spat- 

Bear-berry.  ulate,  obtuse,  entire,  smooth  or 
minutely  hairy  toward  the  base, 
|-i  inch  long,  J  as  wide,  short-petioled. 
Flowers  J  of  an  inch  or  less  long,  ovoid,  con- 
stricted at  the  throat,  rosy-pink  or  white, 
few,  in  short  racemes  at  the  ends  of  the 
branches. 

In  dry  sandy  or  stony  soil  throughout  the 
Rockies  at  the  lower  elevations;  flowering 
in  early  June. 

Tufted    or    depressed-prostrate, 
Mairania 
alpina  (L.)       branches    2-5    inches   high,    the 

Desv.  twigs     smooth     or     nearly     so, 

Alpine  Leaves  thin,  obovate,  crenulate, 

Bear-berry.  conspicuously   reticulate- veined , 

|-i     inch  long,  J    as  wide.      Flowers    few, 


Ericaceae  2 1 5 

appearing  before  or  with  the  leaves  from 
scaly  buds;  corolla  \  of  an  inch  long,  white, 
ovoid,  constricted  at  the  throat ;  berry  bright 
scarlet. 

Growing  in  moss  on  the  wooded  slopes 
throughout  the  Rockies,  flowering  in  May  and 
early  June. 

Rather  stout  with  rigid,  ascend- 
Cassiope 

Mertensiana  ing>  woody,  much  branched 
(Bong.)  stems,  a  foot  or  less  high.  Leaves 

Don-  J    an    inch    long,    smooth,    not 

furrowed  on  the  back,  closely 
Heath. 

crowded  in  4-ranks.  Flowers 
pure  white,  nodding,  campanulate,  J  of  an 
inch  long  with  5  deeply  cut  obtuse  spreading 
lobes,  on  smooth  peduncles  half  an  inch  or  less 
long,  near  the  tips  of  the  apparently  4- 
sided  stems;  calyx  'smooth,  usually  red, 
making  the  bell-like  flowers  appear  red 
and  white. 

Throughout  the  region  at  the  higher 
elevations,  frequently  carpeting  the  ground ; 
flowering  in  late  June  and  early  July. 


2l6 


Ericaceae 


Phyllodoce 

gland  uli- 
flora 

(Hook.)  Co- 
ville.    White 
False- 
heather. 


Stems  rather  rigid,  much 
branche'd,  3-12  inches  high. 
Leaves  numerous  and  crowded 
but  spreading,  linear,  oblong, 
obtuse,  J-J  an  inch  long,  thick, 
leathery  with  a  white  line 
through  the  centre  below  and 
deeply  furrowed  above,  the  margins  thick 
and  rough.  Flowers  ovoid,  glandular  through- 
out, less  than  J  of  an  inch  long,  much 
contracted  at  the  throat,  short -lobed,  on 
glandular  pedicels  i-i  inch  long  at  the  ends 
of  the  branches. 

In  alpine  meadows  and  woods  at  the 
higher  elevations  throughout  the  region; 
flowering  during  June  and  early  July,  often 
in  clumps  of  considerable  size. 


Phyllodoce 
intermedia 

(Hook.)    . 
Rydb.  Pink 
False- 
heather. 


Much  branched,  from  a  more  or 
less  decumbent  base,  6-12  inches 
high.  Leaves  linear,  J-J  an 
inch  long,  obtuse,  leathery,  with 
thickened  re  volute,  slightly  glan- 


dular-toothed  margins.    Flowers  pale  pink, 


a  Phyllodoce  empetriformis    (Smith)    Don. 

Red  False-Heather. 
b    Phyllodoce   glanduliflora    (Hook.)    Rydb. 

White  False-Heather, 
•c  Cassiope  Mertensiana    (Bong.)     Don.    (%   Nat.) 


Ericaceae  2 1 7 

J  of  an  inch  long,  urn-shaped,  slightly 
contracted  at  the  throat,  with  5  spreading 
lobes ;  at  the  ends  of  the  branches  on  gland- 
ular pedicels  J-i  inch  long;  calyx  slightly 
glandular;  corolla  smooth;  slightly  fragrant. 
Throughout  the  region  growing  in  the 
same  situations  as  the  other  heathers,  and 
often  associated  with  them,  perhaps  a  hybrid ; 
flowering  in  late  June  and  through  July. 

Much  branched  from  the  base, 
Phyllodoce  6_i2  incheg  hi  h  Leaveg  linear? 
empetri-  ... 

formis  obtuse,  i-J  an   inch  long,  with 

(Smith)  strongly    revolute,    thick    rough 

D.  Don.  Red     margins.  Flowers  J   of   an  inch 

long,    bright    rose-colour,    cam- 

heather. 

panulate,  with  broad,  spreading 
obtuse  lobes,  very  fragrant,  on  slender,  slightly 
glandular  pedicels  J-i  inch  long  at  the  ends 
of  the  stems;  calyx  and  corolla  smooth. 

Abundant  throughout  the  region  at  the 
higher  elevations,  in  the  same  situations 
as  the  two  previous  species  and  flowering 
with  them  during  late  June  and  early  July. 


218 


Ericaceae 


Kalmia 
microphylla 

(Hook.) 

Heller. 

Small-leaved 

Swamp 

Laurel. 


A  smooth  shrub,  2-6  inches  high 
with  erect  or  ascending  branches, 
the  twigs  2-edged.  Leaves  op- 
posite, short  petioled,  less  than 
\  an  inch  long,  oblong  or  ovate, 
obtuse,  narrowed  at  the  base, 
the  margins  revolute.  Flowers 
on  slender  pedicels  i-ij  inches  long,  few 
in  simple  umbels  terminating  the  branches; 
corolla  saucer- shaped,  bright  rosy  pink  about 
\  an  inch  in  diameter. 

Frequent  in  mossy  alpine  bogs  and  mead- 
ows throughout  the  region  at  the  higher 
altitudes;  flowering  during  June  and  early 
July. 


Azaleastrum 
albiflorum 
(Hook.) 
Rydb. 

White 
Rhododen- 
dron. 

slightly 


A  shrub  with  stems  2-6  feet 
high,  with  slender  hairy  branches 
more  or  less  glandular  when 
young,  nearly  smooth  with  age. 
Leaves  thin,  light  green  and 
shining  above,  paler  beneath, 
oblong,  1-2  inches  long,  with 
wavy  margins.  Flowers  white, 


Ericaceae  219 

nearly  an  inch  broad,  open,  with  5 -spread- 
ing lobes;  on  short  nodding  stems  in 
numerous  clusters  of  1-3  near  the  ends  of  the 
branches,  on  wood  of  the  previous  year; 
sepals  nearly  J  an  inch  long  and  leaflike, 
filaments  bearded  at  the  base;  stigma 
peltate,  5-lobed. 

On  the  wooded  hillsides  at  the  higher 
elevations  through  the  Rockies,  but  much 
lower  in  the  Selkirks;  flowering  in  June  and 

July. 

Menziesia  A  shrub  2~6  feet  high»  twigs 
ferruginea  more  or  less  chaffy.  Leaves 
Smith.  obovate,  obtuse  and  glandular- 

tipped  at  the  apex,  pale,  glau- 

Menziesia. 

cous  and  smooth  or  very  nearly 

so  beneath,  sparingly  hairy  above,  f-ij 
inches  long,  the  margins  ciliolate.  Flowers 
1-5  on  glandular  pedicels  J-i  inch  long  in 
spreading  umbels,  becoming  erect,  corolla 
4  of  an  inch  long,  cream  and  pink  or  salmon, 
urn-shaped,  with  4  spreading  teeth;  stamens 
8,  included,  with  hairy  filaments. 


22o'  Vacciniaceae 

Throughout  the  region  in  moist  woods 
and  slopes;  flowering  during  June. 

A    shrub    1-4    feet    high,    with 
Ledum 

Greenland-  twi^s  densely  ™sty  woolly. 
icum  Oeder.  Leaves  oblong,  obtuse,  1-2  inches 
Labrador  long,  J-J  an  inch  wide,  green 
and  deeply  veined  above,  densely 
brown  woolly  beneath,  the 'margins  strongly 
revolute.  Flowers  numerous,  white,  nearly 
\  an  inch  broad  in  close  umbels  or  corymbs ; 
petals  5,  narrow,  spreading. 

Abundant  throughout  the  region  at  the 
lower  altitudes  in  bogs  and  swamps;  flower- 
ing during  June. 

VACCINIACEAE 
Huckleberry  Family 

Shrubs  or  small  trees  with  alternate  leaves 
and  small  perfect  flowers;  calyx  tube  adnate 
to  the  ovary,  4-5-lobed  or  cleft;  corolla  4—5- 
lobed,  rarely  divided  into  single  petals,  de- 
ciduous; stamens  twice  as  many  as  the 


!*# 


Ul 


Vacciniaceae  221 

corolla  lobes,  inserted  at  the  base;  filaments 
mostly  short;  anthers  attached  on  the  back 
2-celled;  fruit  a  globose  berry  or  drupe. 

Erect  deciduous  shrubs;  corolla  cylindric  or  urn-shaped, 
white,  pink  or  greenish.  Vaccinium, 

Low  evergreen  shrub ;  corolla  open-campanulate,  pink ; 
berry  red.  Vitis-Idaea. 

Trailing  or  creeping  evergreen  shrubs. 

Corolla  short-campanulate,  white;  berry  white. 

Chiogenes. 

Corolla  with  spreading  curved  petals,  pink;  berry 
red.  Oxycoccus. 

A  shrub  3-7  inches  high,  much 
Vaccinium 
csespitosum      branched    and    nearly    smooth 

Michx.  throughout.     Leaves  obovate  or 

Dwarf  oblong,  cuneate,  obtuse  or  acute, 

green  and  shining  on  both  sides, 
nearly  sessile,  serrulate,  with  close  bluntish 
teeth.  Flowers  white  or  pink,  small  bell- 
shaped,  |  of  an  inch  long,  mostly  solitary 
in  the  axils  and  longer  than  their  drooping 
pedicels;  berry  J  of  an  inch  or  more  in  di- 
ameter, blue  with  a  bloom. 

On  slopes  and  in  alpine  meadows  through- 
out  the    Rockies    at    the    higher    altitudes; 


222  Vacciniaceae 

flowers  appearing  with  the  leaves  in  early 
June. 

Vaccinium  Stems     erect     with     numerous 

erythro-  slender,    strict,    green    branches 

coccum  and  branchlets,  3-18  inches  high. 

y     '  Leaves  ovate  or  oval,  J  an  inch 

Alpine 

Bilberr  l°ng  or  less»  bright  green.    Flow- 

ers ovate,  |  of  an  inch  long, 
white  or  pink,  5-lobed,  solitary  in  the  axils 
of  the  leaves;  berries  small,  bright  red. 

On  slopes  and  in  alpine  meadows  through- 
out the  Rockies  at  the  higher  altitudes; 
flowering  during  June. 

Vaccinium  A  straggling  branched  shrub, 
ovalifolium  3-12  feet  high,  the  branches 
Smith.  slender,  twigs  smooth,  joints 

Blueberry.          sharply     angled.        Leaves     OVal, 

short-petioled,  smooth  on  both  sides,  green 
above,  pale  and  glaucous  beneath,  rounded 
at  both  ends  or  somewhat  narrowed  at  the 
base,  thin,  sometimes  spine  tipped,  entire 
or  nearly  so,  1-2  inches  long.  Flowers 
commonly  solitary  in  the  axils  on  rather 


Is 


si 

•is 

C    o 

°o    o 

O     CJ 


Vacciniaceae  223 

recurved  pedicels;  corolla  pink  or  white, 
ovoid,  1  of  an  inch  or  more  long;  berries 
blue  with  a  bloom  \  an  inch  in  diameter. 
In  the  beds  of  snow  slides,  occasionally  in 
the  Rockies,  and  abundant  through  the 
Selkirks,  where  it  is  also  found  in  the  woods1; 
flowering  in  May. 

A  branching  shrub  1-3  feet  high, 
Vaccinium 
globulare         nearly  smooth  throughout,  stems 

Rydb.  round,  only  the  youngest  twigs 

Thin-leaved  slightly  angled,  bark  grey  and 
Bilberry.  somewhat  shreddy.  Leaves 
broadly  oval  or  obovate,  obtuse  to  acute, 
somewhat  pale  beneath,  veiny,  sharply  and 
finely  serrate,  J-iJ  inches  long.  Flowers  on 
pedicels  J  an  inch  long;  calyx  teeth  almost 
obsolete;  corolla  depressed-globose,  fre- 
quently more  than  J  of  an  inch  in  diameter, 
greenish-white;  berry  dark,  purple,  J  of  an 
inch  in  diameter. 

In  beds  of  snow  slides  and  in  woods  in 
the  valleys  of  the  Selkirks;  flowering  during 
June. 


224  Vacciniaceae 

A    low    evergreen    shrub    with 
Vitis-idsea 

Vitis-idsea  creeping  stems,  the  branches 
(L.)Britton.  erect,  3-8  inches  high,  nearly 
Mountain  smooth.  Leaves  thick  and 
leathery,  crowded,  green  and 
shining  above,  paler  and  black-dotted  be- 
neath, ovate  or  oval,  short-petioled  and 
entire  or  sparingly  serrulate  J-f  of  an  inch 
long,  the  margins  re  volute.  Flowers  in 
short  terminal  i -sided  racemes  or  clusters, 
nodding,  longer  than  their  pedicels;  corolla 
white  or  pink  nearly  J  of  an  inch  long,  open 
campanulate,  4-lobed;  berries  dark  red,  acid, 
nearly  J  an  inch  in  diameter. 

In  bogs  and  moist  mossy  places  through- 
out  the    Rockies;   flowering    during    June. 

Creeping,  branches  rough  hairy, 

slender,       3-12      inches      long. 
hispidula 

(L.)T.andG.  Leaves  leathery,  persistent,  oval, 
Creeping  ovate  or  slightly  obovate,  acute 
Snowberry.  at  the  apex,  rounded  or  nar- 
rowed at  the  base,  dark  green  and  smooth 
above,  sprinkled  with  stiff,  brown  hairs  be- 


Vacciniaceae  225 

neath  and  on  the  re  volute,  entire  margins; 
1  to  nearly  J  an  inch  long.  Flowers  white, 
ovoid,  about  J  of  an  inch  long,  few,  solitary 
in  the  axils,  nodding,  on  the  lower  side  of 
the  creeping  stems;  berry  about  J  of  an  inch 
in  diameter,  white,  bristly,  aromatic. 

Throughout  the  Rockies  at  the  lower 
elevations,  growing  in  moss  and  on  damp, 
decaying  logs;  flowering  in  May. 

Stems  slender,  creeping  and  root- 
Oxycoccus 

Oxycoccus  in&  at  ^e  n°des,  6-18  inches 
(L.)  MacM.  long;  branches  ascending  or  erect 
Small  !_6  inches  high.  Leaves  thick, 

evergreen,  ovate,  entire,  acutish 
at  the  apex,  rounded  or  cordate  at  the  base, 
dark  green  above,  white  beneath,  |  of  an 
inch  or  less  long,  J  as  wide,  the  margins 
re  volute.  Flowers  1-6,  from  terminal  scaly 
buds,  nodding  on  slender  erect  pedicels; 
corolla  pink,  J  of  an  inch  broad,  the  petals 
curled  backwards;  stamens  and  style  pro- 
truding; berry  globose,  }  of  an  inch  or  more 
in  diameter,  acid,  often  spotted  when  young. 


226  Primulaceae 

In  sphagnum  bogs  throughout  the  Rockies, 
though  not  common;  flowering  during  July. 

PRIMULACEAE 
Primrose  Family 

Herbs  with  perfect  regular  flowers;  calyx 
free  from  the  ovary,  usually  5-parted;  co- 
rolla 5 -cleft;  stamens  as  many  as  the  corolla 
lobes  and  opposite  to  them;  flowers  purple, 
yellow  or  white. 

Lobes  of  the  corolla  erect  or  spreading. 

Leaves  in  a  rosette  at  the  base  of  the  scape. 

Corolla-tube  longer  than  the  calyx;  flowers  pink. 

Primula. 

Corolla-tube  shorter  than  the  calyx ;  flowers  white 

or  yellow.  Androsace. 

Leaves   whorled    at   the    top    of   the    stem;    flowers 

white.  Trientalis. 

Lobes  of  the  corolla  reflexed.  Dodecatheon. 

Primula  Leaves     spatulate     or     oblong, 

americana  obtuse  at  the  apex,  narrowed  or 

Rydb.  somewhat  wedge-shaped  at  the 

Bird's-eye  base,     tapering     into     petioles, 

Primrose.  ....  \  .,  -,       « 

green,  usually   white -mealy   be- 


Primulaceae  227 

neath,  at  least  when  young;  1-4  inches  long, 
the  margins  crenulate-dentate.  Flowers  um- 
bellate 3-20,  on  scapes  4-18  inches  high; 
corolla  pink  or  lilac,  usually  with  a  yellowish 
eye,  the  tube  slightly  longer  than  the  calyx, 
the  lobes  wedge-shaped,  notched  at  the  apex, 
J  of  an  inch  or  more  long. 

In  swamps  and  wet  meadows  in  the  lower 
valleys  of  the  eastern  slopes  of  the  Rockies 
not  penetrating  far  into  the  mountains; 
flowering  in  June. 

Primula  Similar  to  the  preceding  species 

Maccalliana  but  much  smaller.  Leaves 
Wiegand.  gpatulate  or  obovate,  mostly 

Maccalla's 

Primrose.  <luite    broad '>    Pale    green    above, 

more  or  less  mealy  beneath,  den- 
ticulate or  repand,  obtuse  at  the  apex,  nar- 
rowed or  cuneate  at  the  base,  petioled  or 
sessile,  J-iJ  inches  long,  forming  a  rosette 
at  the  base  of  the  scape.  Flowers  f  of  an 
inch  broad  or  less,  umbellate,  on  a  peduncle 
1-6  inches  high;  pale  pink  or  bluish  with  a 
conspicuous  orange  eye ;  the  lobes  obcordate ; 


228  Primulaceae 

corolla  tube  yellow,  slightly  longer  than  the 
calyx. 

The  commonest  primrose  of  the  region 
on  wet  banks  and  moist,  sandy  or  gravelly 
places  at  the  lower  altitudes  throughout  the 
Rockies;  flowering  in  June,  also  occurs 
sparingly  in  the  Selkirks. 

Proliferously    branched    at    the 
Androsace 


carinata  ^ase     an^     casspitose.       Leaves 

Torr.  Sweet  folded  over  each  other,  forming 
Flowered  rosettes  at  the  bases  of  the  many 
flowered  scapes;  from  lanceolate 
to  oblong-spatulate  or  ovate,  keeled,  i- 
nerved,  J—  J  an  inch  long,  acute,  fringed  with 
hairs  on  the  margins.  Flowers  \  of  an  inch  or 
more  broad,  cream  coloured  with  a  brilliant 
yellow  eye;  4-10  in  a  close  umbel,  on  slender 
hairy  scapes  1-3  inches  high;  flowers  deli- 
cately fragrant. 

Throughout  the  Rockies  in  open  situa- 
tions either  dry  or  moist,  and  at  low  or  high 
altitudes;  flowering  from  early  June  to  mid- 
summer according  to  the  altitude. 


si 

^< 

OJ 

£  8 
Is 

n3 
"S  <J 


Primulaceae  229 

Almost  smooth,  leaves  lance- 
Androsace 

septentrion-     olate  or  oblong-lanceolate,  nar- 
aiis  L.  rowed  at  the  base,  from  irregu- 

Alpine  iariy    denticulate    to    laciniate 

Androsace.  _.. 

toothed.  Flowers  small,  little 
more  than  \  of  an  inch  broad,  white  with 
yellow  centre,  in  spreading  umbels;  pe- 
duncles 2-10  inches  high. 

In  open  places  and  on  grassy  banks  at 
the v lower  altitudes  throughout  the  Rockies; 
flowering  in  May  and  early  June. 

Androsace          More     °r     leSS     hairy-        Leaves 
diffusa  rosulate,  oblanceolate  to  spatu- 

Small.  late  or  nearly  linear,  J-i  J  inches 

Spreading          long>    obtuse    Qr    ^^    sharply 
Androsace. 

serrate  above  the  middle  or 
sparingly  toothed.  Scapes  erect  and  spread- 
ing, often  diffusely  branched  at  the  base, 
2-4  inches  long;  pedicels  thread-like  from 
J~3  inches  long  in  the  same  umbel.  Flow- 
ers white  or  pink,  the  corolla  included  or 
sometimes  equalling  the  tips  of  the  calyx 
segments. 


230  Primulaceae 

On  grassy  banks  and  slopes  in  the  Rockies 
flowering  in  June. 

Trientalis  StemS  slender'    x~4  inches  high, 

arctica  with    small    scattered    obovate 

Fisch.  leaves  below;  upper  leaves  ob- 

Arctic  ovate-lanceolate    to    lanceolate 

Star-flower.  . 

obtuse,  i-ij  inches  long.  Flow- 
ers white  on  slender  pedicels  as  long  as  the 
leaves;  calyx  reddish  with  7  narrowly  liriear 
acute  sepals;  petals  7  white,  lanceolate, 
acute,  about  twice  the  length  of  the  sepals; 
stamens  7. 

In  moist  woods  throughout  the  region, 
rare  in  the  Rockies  but  common  throughout 
the  Selkirks;  flowering  in  June. 

Dodeca  Smooth.      Leaves    dark    green, 

theon  lanceolate,     acute,     entire,     2-3 

pauciflorum      inches    long.       Flowers    few    in 

(Durandj  an  umbel .  scape  6_g  mches  tall; 

Sl     ,  segments    of    the    corolla    rich 

Shooting          lilac  purple,  the  undivided  part 
Star.  yellow  with  a  narrow  scalloped 


Gentianaceae  231 

ring,  midway  between  the  base  of  the  seg- 
ments and  the  stamen  tube;  stamen  tube 
often  nearly  as  long  as  the  anthers,  yellow ; 
anthers  purple. 

In  damp,  open  ground  and  grassy  slopes 
throughout  the  eastern  Rockies ;  flowering  in 
June. 

Dodeca-  Plant  smooth.     Leaves  obovoid 

theon  and    elliptic,    2-5    inches    long, 

conjugens        inciuding    the    distinct    petiole, 

Greene. 

Shootin  -  obtuse,  entire.  Flowers  large,  in 
star.  a  few-flowered  umbel,  scape  3-8 

inches  high ;  corolla  deep  purple  varying  to 
rose-red;  anthers,  distinct,  obtuse,  the  con- 
nective lanceolate,  acuminate  to  a  linear  point. 
In  the  open  ground  and  plains  in  the  lower 
Valleys  of  the  Rockies;  flowering  in  June. 

GENTIANACE^E 

Gentian  Family 

Smooth  herbs  with  opposite  entire  leaves, 
and  regular  perfect  flowers  in  clusters  or 


232  Gentianaceae 

solitary  at  the  ends  of  the  stems  or  branches. 
Calyx  4-i2-lobed;  corolla  4- 12 -parted;  sta- 
mens as  many  as  the  lobes  of  the  corolla 
and  alternate  with  them. 

Corolla  funnel-form  or  campanulate ;  without  glands, 
spurs  or  scales.  Gentiana. 

Corolla  campanulate;  spurred  at  the  base. 

Tetragonanthus,. 

Gentiana  Stem  leafy,  slightly  angled,  sim- 
acutaMichx.  pie  or  branched,  6-20  inches 

Northern  high        gasal    and    lower    leaveg 

Gentian. 

spatulate  or  obovate,  obtuse, 
the  upper  lanceolate,  acuminate,  rounded  or 
subcordate  at  the  base,  sessile  or  somewhat 
clasping,  -J- 2  inches  long.  Flowers  numer- 
ous in  clusters  in  the  axils  of  the  upper  leaves ; 
pedicels  -J— i  inch  long,  leafy  bracted  at  the 
base;  calyx  deeply  5 -parted,  lobes  lanceolate; 
corolla  tubular  campanulate,  J  an  inch  long, 
5-parted,  pale  blue  or  greenish;  lobes  lance- 
olate, acute  each  with  a  fimbriate  crown  at 
the  base. 

Along  stream  banks  and  grassy  slopes 
throughout  the  Rockies,  common;  flowering 
in  July. 


Gentianaceae  233 

.  na  Stems  slender,  usually  much 
propinqua  branched  from  the  base  and 
Richards.  sometimes  also  above,  slightly 
Four-parted  wing_angied,  2-7  inches  long. 
Basal  leaves  spatulate  obtuse, 
the  upper  distant,  oblong  or  lanceolate,  J-i 
inch  long,  acute  or  obtusish  at  the  apex, 
rounded  at  the  slightly  clasping  base,  ob- 
scurely 3 -nerved.  Flowers  sometimes  nu- 
merous, solitary  on  slender  peduncles,  mostly 
4-parted,  J-£  of  an  inch  high,  seldom  open- 
ing; calyx  4-cleft,  two  of  the  lobes  oblong, 
the  others  linear  lanceolate;  corolla  blue  or 
bluish,  glandular  within  at  the  base,  the 
lobes  ovate-lanceolate,  entire  or  denticulate. 
Frequent  throughout  the  Rockies  on 
slopes  and  open  ground  beside  the  trails; 
flowering  through  July. 

Gentiana  Stems  slen^er,   1-5  inches  long, 

prostrata  when  prostrate  the  lateral  ones 

Haenke.  often   creeping.      Leaves   ovate, 

Dwarf  rather   spreading,    bright   green 

Gentian.  . 

with    slightly    whitened    edges. 


234  Gentianaceae 

Flowers  solitary,  4- parted,  azure  blue,  \  an 
inch  high,  the  lobes  rather  spreading. 

A  very  small  and  rather  rare  plant  found 
throughout  the  Rockies  at  the  higher  altitu- 
des, on  the  alpine  slopes  and  summits ;  flower- 
ing in  July. 

Gentiana  Perennial ;  stems  2-4  inches  high, 

glauca  Leaves    oval,   glaucous,   J— J   an 

Pale-  inch    long,     obtuse,     the    basal 

glaucous  forming  a  rosette.     Flowers  few 

Gentian. 

or  several  at  the  top  of  the  stem, 
short-peduncled  or  nearly  sessile,  usually  sub- 
tended by  a  pair  of  bracts;  calyx  campanu- 
late,  the  teeth  shorter  than  the  tube ;  corolla 
blue  or  blue-green,  -J  an  inch  or  more  long,  the 
tube  cylindrical  with  short  ovate  obtuse  lobes. 
In  wet  alpine  meadows  and  slopes  through- 
out the  region,  a  rather  rare  but  very  striking 
little  gentian,  flowering  in  July. 

Gentiana          Stems    clustered,     6-12     inches 
high,  mostly  ascending.     Leaves 

Griseb. 

Lar  e  from    oblong    or    lanceolate    to 

Gentian.  linear.     Flowers  from  numerous 


03     0) 

'3 


Gentianaceae  235 

and  racemose  to  few  and  almost  solitary; 
calyx  lobes  linear  or  linear-awl-shaped, 
unequal,  the  largest  rarely  equalling  the 
tube;  corolla  an  inch  or  less  long,  bright 
blue  or  bluish;  funnel-form,  spotted  inside 
with  white,  the  lobes  ovate,  acute,  and 
spreading. 

.  A  showy  species  in  damp  open  meadows 
in  the  lower  valleys  throughout  the  Rockies, 
especially  abundant  at  Banff;  flowering 
during  August. 

Annual,  stems  simple  or  branched, 
Tetragon-  slender,  erect,  6-20  inches  high. 

Basal  leaves  obovate  or  spatu- 
deflexus 

Q  E  late,  obtuse,  narrowed  into  peti- 

Smith)  oles;     stem     leaves     ovate     or 

Kuntze.  lanceolate,     acute,    sessile,     3-5- 

purre  nerved,     1-2     inches    long,     the 

Gentian. 

uppermost  smaller.  Flowers  J 
of  an  inch  or  more  long,  few,  on  peduncles 
about  their  own  length,  in  the  axils  of  the 
upper  leaves;  corolla  purplish-green  or  white, 
4-5 -parted,  the  lobes  ovate,  acute,  each 


236  Menyanthaceae 

with  a  hollow  deflexed  or  descending  spur 
about  half  the  length  of  the  corolla. 

In  moist  places  and  shaded  slopes  through- 
out  the  Rockies ;  a  rather  frequent  but  incon- 
spicuous plant  owing  to  its  green  colour; 
flowering  in  July. 

MENYANTHACEAE 
Buckbean  Family 

In  our  species  a  smooth  marsh  herb,  with 
creeping  rootstock,  long-petioled,  3-foliate 
leaves  and  white  or  purplish  flowers,  in 
racemes  on  long  lateral  scapes. 

Menyanthes  Creeping  rootstocks  sometimes 
trifoliata  L.  a  foot  long  marked  by  the  scars 

Buckbean.          of      kases      Qf      former     petioles. 

Leaves  3-foliate,  petioles  sheathing  at  the 
base,  2-10  inches  long;  leaflets  oblong  or 
obovate,  entire,  obtuse  at  the  apex,  nar- 
rowed to  the  sessile  base,  ij~3  inches  long. 
Flowers  half  an  inch  long,  pure  white  or 
purplish  in  io-20-flowered  racemes  on 


Apocynaceae  237 

scape-like  naked  peduncles;  calyx  shorter 
than  the  corolla  which  is  bearded  with  white 
hairs  within,  giving  the  flower  a  feathery 
appearance. 

In  open  marshes  throughout  the  region, 
local  in  distribution;  flowering  in  May  and 
early  June. 


APOCYNACE^J 
Dogbane  Family 

In  our  species,  perennial  herbs  with 
opposite,  entire  leaves  and  small,  5 -parted, 
campanulate,  pink  flowers  in  corymbed 
cymes,  and  slender  elongated  terete  seed  pods. 

Apocynum  Stems    1-3   feet  high,    branches 

androsaemi-  broadly        spreading,        mostly 

folium  L.  smooth.     Leaves  ovate  or  oval, 

Spreading  spine  tipped,  smooth  above,  pale 

Dogbane,  . 

„       ,,  and  usually  more  or  less  hairy 

Honeybloom. 

beneath,  2-4  inches  long.     Flow- 
ers pink,   open  campanulate,   f  of  an  inch 


238  Hy  drophy  llaceae 

broad,  with  5  spreading  lobes,  numerous,  in 
loose,  terminal  and  axillary  cymes;  seed 
pods  round,  slender,  curved,  4-6  inches  long, 
narrowed  at  the  apex,  usually  in  pairs; 
plant  with  a  milky  juice. 

Frequent  on  the  line  of  the  railway  from 
Field  westward  through  the  valley  of  the 
Kicking  Horse  River. 


HYDROPHYLLACE^ 

Water-Leaf  Family 

Herbs,  mostly  rough-hairy,  with  alternate 
or  basal  leaves,  and  perfect  regular  5 -parted 
flowers  in  cymes,  spikes  or  racemes,  curled 
when  in  bud  and  uncoiling  as  they  flower; 
stamens  5,  inserted  on  the  corolla  and  alter- 
nate with  its  lobes;  filaments  thread-like; 
flowers  -yellow,  purple  or  white. 

Plant  rough-hairy;  leaves  lanceolate  and  simple  or 
pinnate;  flowers  blue  or  violet-purple.  Phacelia. 

Plant  smooth;  leaves  round  reniform  or  cordate; 
flowers  white.  Romanzoffia. 


Hydrophyllaceae  239 

Phacelia  Rough-hairy;   stem   stout,   6-24 

heterophylia  inches  high.  Leaves  white  hairy, 
lanceolate  to  ovate,  acute,  pin- 
nately  and  obliquely,  striately  veined,  the 
lower  tapering  into  petioles,  commonly  with 
1-2  pairs  of  small  lateral  leaflets.  Flowers 
in  a  dense  spike;  corolla  bluish,  longer  than 
the  oblong-lanceolate  or  linear  calyx  lobes; 
filaments  much  exserted,  sparingly  bearded. 
In  the  Cougar  Valley  in  the  Selkirks; 
flowering  in  July. 

Silky-hairy  or  canescent  through- 
Phacelia 

sericea  Otrt'    ^"^    mcnes   mgn>    leafy   to 

(Graham)  the  top.  Leaves  pinnately 
A.  Gray.  parted  into  linear  or  narrow 
Mountain  oblong>  numerous,  often  pin- 

Phacelia. 

natifid  divisions,  the  lower  peti- 
oled,  the  upper  nearly  sessile.  Flowers 
crowded  in  an  elongated  spike,  corolla 
violet,  blue  or  white,  open-campanulate, 
cleft  to  the  middle;  stamens  much  exserted. 
In  dry  ground  and  open  slopes  throughout 
the  region ;  flowering  in  June  and  July. 


240  Boraginaceae 

Stems  slender,  weak,  3-6  inches 
Roman- 
ffia  long.      Leaves    mainly    at    the 

sitchensis         root,      with     slender      petioles, 
Bong.  alternate,  round-cordate,  or  reni- 

Roman-  form,  with  ^_^  crenatCj  glandu- 

lar-tipped lobes.  Flowers  more 
or  less  racemose  on  slender,  weak  scapes 
with  spreading  pedicels  longer  than  the 
flowers;  calyx  lobes  smooth,  much  shorter 
than  the  delicately  veiny  pale  pink  or  usually 
white  funnel-form  corolla  with  yellow  throat 
and  broad  rounded  lobes. 

On  constantly  dripping  ledges  of  wet  rocks, 
rare  in  the  region  generally  but  rather  fre- 
quent about  Lake  Louise  and  Lake  O'Hara; 
flowering  during  July. 


BORAGINACE^ 

Borage  Family 

Herbs  with  alternate  or  rarely  opposite, 
entire,  leaves  and  usually  rough  hairy  stems. 
Flowers  perfect,  regular,  mostly  blue,  in 


Boraginacese  241 

i -sided  curled  spikes;  corolla  5-lobed,  sta- 
mens as  many  as  the  corolla  lobes  and  alter- 
nate with  them;  fruit  mostly  of  4  i -seeded 
nutlets. 


Nutlets  armed  with  barbed  prickles.  Lappula. 

Nutlets  not  armed  with  barbed  prickles. 

Racemes  without  bracts;  corolla  flat,  round. 

Myosotis. 
Racemes  with  bracts;  corolla  funnel  form. 

Lithospermum. 

Rough  hairy,  stem  stout,  panicu- 

lately  branched,  2—5  feet  high, 
flonbunda 

(Lehm )  the      branches      nearly      erect. 

Greene.  Leaves  oblong,  oblong-lanceolate 

False  or  linear-lanceolate,    2-4  inches 

long,  sessile,  obtuse  or  acute  at 
not. 

the  apex,  the  lower  narrowed 
into  long  petioles.  Flowers  5-lobed,  bright 
blue  with  a  yellow  centre  J  to  nearly  J  of  an 
inch  broad  in  numerous  erect,  dense  racemes, 
nutlets  J  of  an  inch  long,  keeled  tuberculate 
on  the  back,  the  margins  armed  with  a  single 
row  of  flat  barbed  prickles,  on  pedicels  less 
than  their  own  length. 

16 


242  Boraginaceae 

In  moist,  open  ground,  frequent  through- 
out the  Rockies ;  a  striking  plant  with  heads 
of  bright  blue  flowers,  resembling  large 
forget-me-nots  flowering  in  June. 

Similar  to  the  preceding  species, 

but  not  so  tall  and  with  broader 
diffusa 

(Lehm.)  acute    leaves.      Flowers    larger, 

Greene.  J  an  inch  broad,  not  so  numer- 

False  ous;  and    larger,    more  densely 

prickled   nutlets,    J   of   an   inch 
not. 

long,  on  pedicels  more  than  their 
own  length. 

Throughout  the  Rockies,  probably  more 
common  than  the  previous  species,  in  moist, 
more  or  less  shaded  or  open  ground ;  flowering 
in  June. 

Pale,  leafy,  rough,  1-2  feet  high, 
Lappula 

Lappula  t^le  branches  erect.     Leaves  lin- 

(L.)  Karst.  ear  and  linear-oblong,  sessile 
Stickseed.  or  -^he  lowest  spatulate  and 
narrowed  into  petioles  J-iJ  inches  long,  ob- 
tuse. Flowers  very  small,  about  the  length 


a   Lappula   floribunda    (Lehm.)    Greene. 

False  Forget-me-not. 

Lithospermum   linearifolium    Goldie.     (%    Nat.) 
Narrow-Leaved  Puccoon. 


Boraginaceae  243 

of  the  calyx,  blue,  in  one-sided  leafy-bracted 
racemes;  nutlets  papillose  on  the  back, 
armed  with  2  rows  of  slender  barbed  prickles. 
In  open  or  waste  ground  throughout  the 
region,  especially  on  or  near  the  railway; 
flowering  throughout  the  summer. 

M  osotis  Stems  tufted,  erect,   3-9  inches 

alpestris  high.     Leaves  oblong,  linear,  or 

Schmidt.  lanceolate,     hairy,     1-2     inches 

Forget-me-  lon          plowers    in    rather    dense 


not. 

heads;  corolla  flat,   bright  blue 

with  a  yellow  centre  J  of  an  inch  or  more 
broad,  5-lobed. 

Frequent  throughout  the  Rockies  in  alpine 
meadows  and  on  grassy  slopes;  flowering 
during  June  and  early  July. 

Lithosper-  Erect  or  diffusely  branched  from 
mumlineari-  t^e  base>  6-12  inches  high,  mi- 
nutely  rough-hairy.  Leaves  all 
Narr&w-  linear,  sessile,  acute,  1-2  inches 
leaved  long.  Flowers  of  two  kinds, 

Puccoon.          leafy-bracted,  at  the  ends  of  the 
branches,    the   earlier    bright    yellow,    \  an 


244  Menthaceae 

inch  broad  with  a  tube  an  inch  or  more 
long,  the  rounded  lobes  crenately  erose; 
the  later  flowers  small,  inconspicuous  and 
pale. 

Dry  sandy  soil  in  the  valley  of  the  Bow 
River  at  Banff,  the  showy  flowers  in  May 
and  early  June. 

MENTHACE.E 
Mint  Family 

Aromatic  herbs  mostly  with  4-sided  stems 
and  simple  opposite  leaves ;  flowers  irregular, 
perfect,  clustered,  the  inflorescence  typically 
cymose;  calyx  persistent,  5-toothed  or  lobed; 
corolla  with  a  short  or  long  tube,  the  limb 
4-5 -lobed,  mostly  2-lipped,  but  some  regu- 
lar; stamens  borne  on  the  corolla  tube, 
typically  4. 

Calyx  with  a  protuberance  on  the  upper  side. 

Corolla  2-lipped,  the  upper  arched,  tube  long,  blue. 

Scutellaria. 

Calyx  without  a  protuberance  on  the  upper  side. 
Corolla  tube  longer  than  the  calyx;  flower  2-lipped 
purple.  Prunella. 


Menthaceae  245 

Corolla  tube  not  longer  than  the  calyx;  flower  2- 
lipped,  pink.  Stachys 

Corolla  tube  shorter  than  the  calyx;  nearly  regular, 
4-lobed.  Mentha. 

Scutellaria  Perennial  by  slender  stolons, 
galericulata  leafy;  stem  erect,  usually 
L.  Marsh  branched,  1-2  feet  high.  Leaves 
Skullcap.  oblong-lanceolate  to  ovate-ob- 
long, thin,  short  petioled  or  the  upper  sessile, 
acute  at  the  apex,  dentate  with  low  teeth 
or  the  upper  entire,  subcordate  or  rounded 
at  the  base,  1-2  J  inches  long,  the  uppermost 
usually  much  smaller.  Flowers  an  inch 
long,  bright  blue  with  a  slender  tube  and 
slightly  enlarged  throat,  solitary  in  the  axils 
of  the  leaves,  on  peduncles  shorter  than  the 
calyx. 

In  swamps  and  wet  places,  frequent  along 
the  railway  from  Field  west  to  Beavermouth. 

Prunella  Hairy  or  nearly  smooth;  stems 
vulgaris  L.  slender,  creeping  or  ascending, 
Heal-all,  or  erect,  usually  simple  but  some- 
times considerably  branched,  2 
inches  to  2  feet  high.  Leaves  ovate,  oblong 


246  Menthaceae 

or  oblong-lanceolate,  obtuse  or  subacute  at 
the  apex,  usually  narrowed  at  the  base,  thin, 
entire  or  crenate,  1-4  inches  long.  Flowers 
'in  dense  terminal  spikes  J-i  inch  long,  be- 
coming 2-4  inches  in  fruit;  corolla  violet- 
purple,  or  sometimes  pink  or  white,  J— J 
an  inch  long,  twice  as  long  as  the  purplish- 
green  calyx. 

Common  throughout  the  region  in  moist, 
open  or  shaded  places  at  the  lower  altitudes, 
frequently  forming  clumps  of  considerable 
size;  flowering  throughout  the  summer. 

Erect,  usually  slender,  simple 
ota.cnys 

palustris  L.  or  somewhat  branched,  hairy 
Marsh  throughout;  1-4  feet  high. 

Wound-  Leaves  lanceolate,  sessile  or  very 

short  petioled,  acuminate  or 
acute  at  the  apex,  wedge-shaped  or  cor- 
date at,  the  base,  2-5  inches  long,  J-i  inch 
wide,  crenulate  or  dentate,  flowers  clustered, 
forming  an  elongated,  interrupted  spike,  or 
sometimes  in  the  axils  of  the  upper  leaves, 
6-10  in  a  whorl;  calyx  hairy,  its  slender 


Menthaceae  247 

teeth  more  than  \  the  length  of  the  tube; 
corolla  deep  pink  spotted  with  purple,  \-\ 
of  an  inch  long,  the  upper  lip  erect,  hairy, 
the  lower  spreading  3 -cleft. 

In  swamps  and  wet  places  throughout 
the  region  from  Field  west  to  Beavermouth 
along  the  railway;  flowering  during  July. 

Perennial  by  runners ;  stem  more 
Mentna 

canadensis  or  less  nairY  witn  spreading 
L.  American  hairs,  simple  or  branched,  6 
Wild  Mint.  inches  to  2 \  feet  high.  Leaves 
oblong,  ovate-oblong  or  oblong-lanceolate, 
slender -stemmed,  acute  at  the  apex,  sharply 
serrate,  smooth  or  sparingly  hairy,  the  larger 
2-3  inches  long,  J-i  inch  wide.  Flowers 
numerous,  small,  J  of  an  inch  long,  white, 
pink  or  pale  purple,  all  in  whorls  in  the  axils 
of  the  leaves,  the  calyx  about  \  the  length 
of  the  corolla. 

In  moist  soil  and  marshy  places,  fre- 
quent along  the  line  of  the  railway  from 
Field  west  to  Beavermouth;  flowering  during 
July. 


248  Scrophulariaceae 

SCROPHULARIACE^E 

Figwort  Family 

Herbs  with  alternate  or  opposite  leaves 
without  stipules  and  mostly  perfect,  com- 
plete and  irregular  flowers;  calyx  4-5 -toothed, 
-cleft,  or  -divided;  corolla  2-lipped  or  nearly 
regular  and  stamens  2,  4,  or  5,  nearly  equal. 

Stamens  5,  the  fifth  sterile  or  rudimentary. 

Sterile  stamen  represented  by  a  gland  on  the  upper 
side  of  the  corolla  tube.  Collinsia. 

Sterile  stamen  nearly  as  long  as  the  rest. 

Pentstemon. 

Stamens  2,  leaves  opposite  or  whorled.  Veronica. 

Stamens  4. 

Stamens  not  enclosed  in  the  upper  lip.       Mimulus. 
Stamens  enclosed  in  the  upper  lip. 
Anther  cells  unequal. 

Upper  lip  of  the  corolla  much  longer  than  the 

lower.  Castilleja. 

Upper  lip  of  the  corolla    scarcely  longer    and 

much  narrower  than  the  inflated  lower  one. 

Orthocarpus. 
Anther  cells  equal  and  parallel. 

Galea  not  prolonged  into  a  beak;  throat  with- 
out teeth.  Pedicularis. 
Galea  prolonged'  into  a  very  slender,  recurved 
beak;  throat  with  a  tooth  on  each  side 

Elephantella. 


Scrophulariaceae  249 

Collinsia  Stems  slightly  hairy  at  length, 
parviflora  diffusely  branched,  very  slender, 

Small-  3"1 5  mcnes  l°ng-     Leaves  oblong 

flowered  or  lanceolate,   mostly  obtuse  at 

Collinsia.  the  apex,  narrowed  at  the  base? 
J-i  inch  long,  entire  or  sparingly  toothed, 
the  lower  opposite,  petioled;  the  floral  ses- 
sile, opposite  or  verticillate.  Flowers  few,  in 
whorls  in  the  axils  of  the  leaves,  on  long 
slender  pedicels;  corolla  blue  or. whitish,  the 
throat  longer  than  the  limb;  the  upper  lip 
erect,  2-cleft,  the  lower  lip  ^-lobed,  spreading. 
An  inconspicuous  little  plant  on  rocks 
and  in  damp  places  throughout  the  region; 
flowering  during  June  and  July. 

Pentstemon  Decumbent,  diffusely  spreading, 
fruticosus  6-12  inches  high,  woody  at  the 
(Pursh.)  base.  Leaves  ovate,  obovate  or 

Greene.  ,  *  ,  « 

oblong,  J  an  inch  or  more  long, 
Purple  serrulate   or   entire,    smooth   or 

Beard-  hairy  when  young.     Flowers  in 

tongue.  glandular    hairy     terminal     ra- 

cemes;  corolla  violet,  blue  or  pinkish  purple, 


250  Scrophulariaceae 

an  inch  or  more  long,  tubular  funnel-form, 
2-lipped,  the  upper  deeply  2-,  the  lower 
3-cleft. 

Throughout  the  region  in  exposed  stony 
places  and  on  slides  up  to  an  elevation  of 
10,000  feet,  frequently  growing  in  patches 
of  considerable  size;  flowering  in  June  and 
early  July. 

Smooth  throughout  or  the  in- 
Pentstemon        _ 

.    .  florescence  and  calyx  sometimes 

confertus 

Dougl.  with  viscid  hairs ;  stem  a  foot  or 

Yellow  two  high.     Leaves  from  oblong 

or  oblong-lanceolate  to  some- 
what linear,  usually  quilte  entire. 
Flowers  in  a  terminal  head  of  2-5  dense, 
many-flowered  clusters;  corolla  with  a  nar- 
row tube  about  ^  an  inch  long,  pale  yel- 
low; the  lower  lip  conspicuously  bearded 
within. 

In  moist  or  dry  open  ground  throughout 
the  Rockies,  especially  abundant  in  the 
valleys  of  the  Bow  and  Pipestone  in  the 


Scrophulariaceae  2  5 1 

region  about  Laggan;  flowering  during  late 
June  and  early  July. 

Pentstemon  Smooth  throughout,  stems  slen- 
procerus  der,  2-12  inches  high.  Leaves 
Dougl.  lanceolate,  1-2  inches  long,  those ' 

Blue  Beard-      Q£  the  middle  Qf  the  stem  largest, 

tongue.  . 

usually  entire.  Flowers  in  dense 
verticillate  clusters,  in  a  more  or  less  elon- 
gated head ;  corolla  bright  blue  with  a  slender 
funnel-form  tube  \  an  inch  or  more  long;  the 
lower  lip  bearded  within. 

In  open  dry  or  moist  ground  throughout 
the  Rockies,  not  common ;  most  abundant  in 
the  valley  of  the  Kicking  Horse  River  at 
Field;  flowering  in  June. 

Pentstemon  Smooth;  stem  8-12  inches  high, 
pseudo-  simple.  Basal  leaves  broadly 

humilis  spatulate  or  elliptic,  thin,  firm, 

obtuse,  or  acute,  contracted  into 
a  slightly  winged  petiole,  with  entire  margins ; 
stem  leaves  oblanceolate,  oblong  or  lanceolate, 


252  Scrophulariaceae 

mostly  all  opposite.  Flowers  blue  or  bluish- 
purple  in  a  loose  panicle,  with  more  or  less 
glandular-hairy  branches;  calyx  glandular- 
hairy,  i  of  an  inch  long,  deeply  cleft  into 
lanceolate  lobes;  corolla  slightly  hairy,  about  f 
of  an  inch  long,  funnel-form,  slightly  oblique. 
In  open  ground  and  slopes  in  the  Selkirks; 
flowering  in  July. 

Veronica  Smooth  throughout;  stems  de- 

americana  cumbent,   rooting  at  the  lower 

Schwein.  nodes,   6  inches  to  2  feet  long. 

American  Leaves  oblong,  ovate,  or  oblong- 

Brooklime.  . 

lanceolate,  all  distinctly  petioled, 
sharply  serrate  with  a  wedge-shaped  or 
rounded  base,  obtuse  or  acute  at  the  apex, 
1-3  inches  long,  J-i  inch  broad.  Flowers 
in  racemes  on  slender  peduncles  in  the  axils 
of  the  leaves;  corolla  blue  or  nearly  white, 
striped  with  purple,  nearly  J  of  an  inch 
broad,  rotate,  with  4  unequal  lobes. 

In  brooks  and  swampy  places  in  the  Sel- 
kirks, especially  around  Glacier;  flowering 
throughout  the  summer. 


Scrophulariaceae 


253 


Veronica 
Wormsk- 


Hairy  throughout  with  brown 
glandular  hairs;  stems  ascend- 
joldii  R.  and  ing  or  erect,  slender,  usually 
S.  Alpine  simple,  2-12  inches  high.  Leaves 

Speedwell.  . 

oblong,  ovate  or  elliptic,  sessile, 
mostly  rounded  at  both  ends,  crenulate  or 
entire,  J-i  inch  long.  Flowers  light  blue, 
in  a  short,  narrow  raceme;  corolla,  J  of  an 
inch  broad,  rotate,  lobes  nearly  equal  and 
rounded. 

Throughout  the  region  in  open  woods, 
and  in  alpine  meadows  and  slopes  up  to 
7000  feet  elevation;  flowering  during  June 
and  July. 


Slightly  hairy  or  smooth;  stems 
slender,  decumbent,  the  branches 
ascending  or  erect,  2-10  inches 
high.  Leaves  all  opposite  and 
petioled  or  the  uppermost  sessile, 
oblong,  oval  or  ovate,  J— J  an 
inch  long,  crenulate,  entire.  Flowers  in 
short  spicate  racemes  at  the  ends  of  the 
stems  and  branches;  corolla  pale  blue  or 


Veronica 
serphylli- 
folia  L. 

Thyme- 
leaved 
Speedwell. 


254  Scrophulariaceae 

sometimes  white,  with  darker  stripes,  nearly 
J  of  an  inch  broad. 

In  open  grassy  ground  at  the  lower  alti- 
tudes throughout  the  Selkirks,  very  abundant 
and  striking  in  the  lawn  at  Glacier  House; 
flowering  during  June. 

Mimulus  Stems     viscid-hairy,      2-4    feet 

Lewisii  high.    Leaves  from  oblong-ovate 

Pursh.    Red  to   lanceolate,    acuminate,    den- 

Monkey-  ticulate,    opposite,     2-4    inches 

"fyoiJUCY 

long  and  J  as  broad.  Flowers 
on  peduncles  longer  than  the  leaves;  calyx 
campanulate,  f  of  an  inch  long,  with  tri- 
angular acute  teeth;  corolla  rose -red  or 
paler,  the  tube  twice  as  long  as  the  calyx, 
throat  open,  limb  two-lipped;  lobes  of 
the  upper  lip  erect  or  turned  backward, 
obcordate,  the  lower  lip  spreading,  the  lobes 
obovate. 

In  wet  ground  and  along  streams  through 
the  Selkirks,  frequently  growing  in  such 
abundance  as  to  practically  exclude  all  other 
vegetation;  the  large  showy,  rose-purple 


Scrophulariaceae  255 

flowers,  each  with  two  bright  yellow  patches 
in  the  throat. 

Mimulus          Smooth,     stems    flattened,     de- 
cumbent   and    rooting    at    the 

Greene. 

Yellow  nodes,   the  branches  rising  3-6 

Monkey-  inches  high.  Leaves  orbicular  or 
flower.  ovate,  J-i  inch  long,  dentate  or 

denticulate,  usually  sublyrate,  purple  beneath. 
Flowers  axillary  on  long  peduncles  ;  calyx  cam- 
panulate,  ^  of  an  inch  long,  mottled  with  dark 
purple;  corolla  bright  yellow,  f-i  inch  long, 
throat  spotted  with  dark  red,  lobes  of  the  up- 
per lip  erect,  J-J  an  inch  long,  the  middle  lobe 
of  the  lower  lip  broadly  cordate,  pendulous. 

In  wet,  gravelly  soil  around  springs  and  in 
the  beds  and  banks  of  alpine  brooks,  through 
the  Selkirks,  often  forming  large  patches; 
flowering  in  July. 

Mimulus  Hairy  with  soft  and  glandular 
moschatus  hairs,  musk  scented  ;  stems  creep- 
Dougl.  ing  or  ascending,  branched,  slen- 


Musk  Plant.       -.          ^  -11  T 

der,    6-12   inches  long.     Leaves 

ovate   or   oblong,    short   petioled,    acute   or 


2  56  Scrophulariaceae 

obtuse  at  the  apex,  denticulate,  rounded 
or  subcordate  at  the  base,  1-2  inches  long, 
half  as  broad.  Flowers  f  of  an  inch  long 
on  axillary  peduncles,  shorter  than  the 
leaves ;  corolla  funnel-shaped  with  a  spreading 
limb  nearly  J  an  inch  broad,  bright  yellow. 
In  wet  shaded  ground  at  the  lower  altitudes, 
throughout  the  Selkirks;  flowering  during 
June  and  July. 

Perennial  more  or  less  purplish 
Castilleja 
purpuf  -  throughout,  stems  erect  or  nearly 

ascens  so,    4-12    inches    high,  usually, 

Greenm.          several    from    the    same    root, 

Painters  smooth  or  somewhat  hairy  be- 
Brush. 

low,   soft  hairy  above.     Leaves 

sessile,  clasping,  linear  or  narrowly  lanceolate, 
J-2  inches  long,  usually  attenuate  and  acute, 
entire  and  undivided  or  occasionally  3-cleft 
near  the  apex,  smooth  or  the  uppermost 
soft-hairy,  3 -nerved.  Inflorescence  in  a 
close  terminal  raceme,  later  elongated,  about 

3  inches    long,    close-hairy;     bracts    ovate- 
lanceolate  or  oblong-ovate,  i-ij  inches  long, 


Scrophulariaceae  257 

usually  entire  or  occasionally  cleft,  from 
deep  purple-red  to  scarlet  and  rarely  yellow 
to  tinged  with  red  or  pink;  calyx  f-i  inch 
long,  ranging  in  color  with  the  bracts ;  corolla 
i-ij  inches  long,  galea  green  or  greenish- 
yellow  with  scarlet  margins  and  exserted . 
beyond  the  calyx  and  floral  bracts. 

Frequent  in  the  lower  altitudes  through 
the  Rockies;  very  abundant  and  striking  on 
the  flood -plain  of  the  Kicking  Horse  River 
at  Field;  flowering  during  June. 

Commonly  hairy  with  weak  cob- 
Castilleja 

pallida  webby  hairs,  a  foot  or  less  high. 

Kunth.  Leaves  linear  to   lanceolate    or 

White  the     upper     ovate     lanceolate. 

Flowers    in  dense  leafy-bracted 

Paint-brush 

spikes;  bracts  oval  or  obovate, 
partly  white  or  yellowish,  cobwebby-hairy, 
equalling  the  corolla;  calyx  2-cleft,  the  lobes 
oblong  or  lanceolate,  corolla  J-i  inch  long; 
galea  not  exceeding  the  calyx. 

In  moist  open  grounds  at  the  higher  alti- 
tudes throughout  the  Rockies;  flowering 
in  July. 


258  Scrophulariaceae 

A  foot  or  two  high,  mostly  sim- 
ple and  strict,  smooth  or  nearly 
so.  Leaves  lanceolate  or  linear 
or  the  upper  ovate-lanceolate 
acute,  entire  or  rarely  3 -cleft. 
Flowers  in  a  dense,  short,  hairy 
spike;  bracts  from  lanceolate  to  oval,  mostly 
bright  red  or  crimson,  occasionally  pinkish, 
rarely  whitish,  seldom  lobed;  calyx  lobes 
lanceolate,  acutely  2-cleft;  corolla  over  an 
inch  long;  galea  exserted,  linear,  longer  than 
the  tube. 

In  moist  alpine  meadows  throughout  the 
Rockies;  flowering  in  July. 

Perennial  with  a  long  creeping 
Castilleja 

lanceifolia        rootstock,  not  growing  in  clumps, 
Rydb.  1-2    feet    high,    sparingly  close- 

Scarlet  hairy    or    nearly    smooth,    very 

leafy.  Leaves  lanceolate;  often 
Cup. 

acuminate,  ij-2j  inches  long, 
rather  firm,  3 -veined,  the  upper  seldom  if 
ever  cleft.  Flowers  hi  a  compact  terminal 
head;  bracts  bright  scarlet,  oblong,  obtuse; 


Scrophulariaceae  259 

calyx  i  inch  long,  crimson  or  scarlet  with 
a  green  base  about  equally  cleft ;  corolla  yel- 
lowish-green, \  an  inch  longer  than  the  calyx. 
In  moist  open  woods  throughout  the  Rock- 
ies at  the  lower  altitudes  on  the  eastern 
slope;  flowering  in  June  and  July. 

Orthocarpus  Annual>      rough-hairy;      stems 

luteus  stout,    erect,    branched     above 

Nutt.  or    simple,     6-18    inches    high, 

Yellow  densely  leafy.     Leaves  erect  or 

Orthocarpus. 

ascending,  linear  or  lanceolate, 
entire  or  sometimes  3-cleft,  i-ij  inches  long, 
sessile,  long  acuminate;  bracts  of  the  dense 
spike  lanceolate,  broader  and  shorter  than 
the  leaves,  entire  or  3-cleft,  green,  mostly 
longer  than  the  flowers.  Flowers  bright 
yellow,  an  inch  long  or  less,  the  upper  lip 
ovate,  obtuse,  about  as  long  as  the  sac-like 
3 -toothed  lower  one. 

In  open  ground  in  the  lower  valleys 
throughout  the  region  as  far  west  as  the 
valley  of  the  Columbia  River  at  Beaver- 
mouth;  flowering  throughout  the  summer. 


260  Scrophulariaceae 

Whole  plant  usually  purple, 
Elephantella 

groenlandica     smooth;  stem  simple,  erect,  i-ij 
(Retz.)  feet    high.       Leaves     alternate, 

Rydb.  lanceolate  in  outline,   pinnately 

Long-beaked  ^    ^      h      j  innatel 

Elephan- 

tella  divided    into   lanceolate,    acute, 

crenulate,  or  incised  segments, 
the  upper  sessile,  the  lower  slender-pet ioled 
2-6  inches  long.  Flowers  in  a  very  dense 
spike  1-6  inches  long;  calyx  short,  acutish; 
corolla  red  or  purple,  the  galea  produced 
into  a  slender  beak  J-f  of  an  inch  long,  which 
is  decurved  against  the  lower  lip  and  up- 
wardly recurved  beyond  it;  body  of  the 
corolla  about  \  of  an  inch  long. 

In  open  bogs  and  wet  alpine  meadows  at 
the  higher  altitudes  throughout  the  Rockies ; 
flowering  in  July. 


Smooth   throughout,    simple   or 
Pedicularis  , 

racemosa         sometimes  branching,  6- 1 8  inches 
Dougl.  high.       Leaves    lanceolate,    un- 

White  divided,    minutely    and    doubly 

Lousewort.  .      1        ,  -^, 

crenulate,  2-4  inches  long.   Flow- 


•I 

Scrophulariaceae  26 1 

ers  short -pedicelled  in  a  short  leafy  raceme 
•or  spike,  or  the  lower  remote  in  the  axils  of 
.the  leaves;  corolla  white,  showy,  the  galea 
which  is  half  an  inch  long  produced  into  a 
slender,  elongated,  incurved  beak  nearly 
reaching  the  apex  of  the  broad  lower 

HP, 

At  the  higher  altitudes  in  the  Rockies  in 
moist  open  ground  and  alpine  meadows, 
flowering  in  July. 

Smooth,    1-3   feet   high;   leaves 

Pediculans 

bracteosa         3~10  inches  long,   all  pinnately 

Benth.  parted,  the  lower  divided,  ample ; 

Wood  divisions  of  the  leaves  ^-2  inches 

Betony.  . 

long,  linear-lanceolate.  Flowers 
crowded  in  a  cylindrical,  leafy-bracted  spike, 
2-6  inches  long;  corolla  less  than  an  inch 
long,  pale  yellow  or  reddish,  the  galea 
much  longer  than  the  lip  with  a  hooded 
summit. 

Frequent  throughout  the  Rockies  in 
moist  open  woods  and  alpine  meadows  at 
the  higher  elevations ;  flowering  during  July. 


262  Lentibulariaceae 

LENTIBULARIACE^ 
Butter-wort  Family 

In  our  species,  stemless  herbs  with  fibrous 
roots  and  i-flowered  scapes;  basal,  tufted, 
entire  leaves,  the  upper  surface  covered  with  a 
viscid  secretion,  to  which  insects  adhere  and 
are  caught  by  the  curling  of  the  sensitive 
leaf  margins;  calyx  4~5-parted  or  2-lipped; 
corolla  sac-like  and  contracted  into  a  spur. 

Leaves     pale      yellowish -green, 

3-7  in  a  rosette  at  the  base  of 
vulgaris  L. 

Butterwort.        the    SCaPe>    greasY   to   the   touch 

on  the  upper  surface,  ovate- 
lanceolate,  obtuse,  1-2  inches  long,  J  as 
wide.  Flowers  solitary  on  a  slender  scape, 
violet-purple,  nearly  J  an  inch  broad  when 
expanded,  2-lipped;  the  upper  lip  2-lobed; 
the  lower  3-lobed,  larger;  the  tube  gradually 
contracted  into  an  obtuse  or  acute  nearly 
straight  spur,  J  of  an  inch  long. 

In  wet  mossy  places,  on  rocks,  or  edges 
of  gravelly  stream  beds  throughout  the 


a    Pinguicula    vulgaris    L.     Butterwort. 
Pentstemon  fruticosus   (Pursh)   Greene.   (%  Nat.) 
Large  Purple  Beard-Tongue. 


Rubiaceae  263 

Rockies,  at  the  lower  altitudes;  the  bright 
little  flowers  suggesting  violets;  flowering 
during  June. 


RUBIACE.E 
Madder  Family 

In  our  species,  herbs  with  4-angled  stems 
and  branches,  with  verticillate  leaves  and 
small  4- parted  flowers,  regular  and  perfect 
and  fruit  separating  into  2 -carpels. 

Galium          Smooth,  erect,  simple  or  branched , 
boreale  L.       leafy,    1-2^    feet    high.      Leaves 

Northern        in    4>S)    ianceolate    or    linear    3- 
Bedstraw. 

nerved,  obtuse  or  acute,  1-2$ 
inches  long,  the  margins  sometimes  fringed 
with  hairs.  Flowers  white,  numerous  in  a 
terminal  panicle;  corolla  4-parted,  J  of  an 
inch  across,  the  lobes  lanceolate,  acute. 

In  open  ground  and  in  open  woods  or 
thickets  at  the  lower  altitudes,  throughout 
the  Rockies ;  flowering  in  July. ' 


264  Caprifoliaceae 

CAPRIFOLIACE,® 
Honeysuckle  Family 

Shrubs,  trees,  v^nes  or  perennial  herbs 
with  opposite  leaves  and  mostly  cymose 
flowers;  calyx  3-5 -toothed,  the  corolla 
5-lobed  or  sometimes  2 -lipped;  stamens 
5 -inserted  on  the  tube  of  the  corolla  and 
alternate  with  the  lobes;  fruit  a  berry,  drupe 
or  capsule. 

Corolla    rotate    or    urnshaped;  flowers   in   compound 

cymes. 

Leaves  pinnate.  Sambucus. 

Leaves  simple.  Viburnum. 

Corolla  tubular  or  campanulate,  often  2 -lipped. 

Creeping,   somewhat  woody  herb;  flowers  in  pairs, 
pink.  Linnaea. 

Shrubs,  erect  or  climbing. 

Corolla  short  campanulate,  regular  or  nearly  so. 

Symphoricarpos. 
Corolla  tubular  and  irregular.  Lonicera. 

A    shrub    2-12    feet    high,    the 
Sambucus 
pubens      '       twigs      and     leaves     commonly 

Michx.  hairy;  stems  woody,  the  younger 

Redbemed       wfth       reddish       brown       pith. 

Z77  J 

Leaves  pinnate  with  3-7  ovate- 
lanceolate   or   oval,    acuminate   leaflets    2-5 


Caprifoliaceae  265 

inches  long,  sharply  serrate.  Flowers  nu- 
merous, less  than  J  of  an  inch  broad,  white, 
in  a  close  oblong  head  3-4  inches  high,  longer 
than  broad;  berries  in  a  compact  head, 
bright  scarlet,  J  of  an  inch  in  diameter. 

Rocky  places  and  thickets  throughout 
the  region  though  most  abundant  in  the 
Selkirks;  flowering  in  June,  the  bright  red 
berries  ripe  in  late  summer. 

A  shrub  2-12  feet  high,  smooth 
Sambucus 

melanocarpa  or  tne  young  leaves  slightly 
A.  Gray.  hairy.  Leaves  pinnate  with 

Blackberried      3_y     Qr      rardy     g     ovate-oblong 

or  ovate-lanceolate,  acuminate 
leaflets,  2-5  inches  long,  sharply  serrate. 
Flowers  small  white  in  a  close  compound 
cyme  3-4  inches  high  and  as  broad;  berries 
}  of  an  inch  broad,  black  and  shining  in  a 
close  head. 

Rocky  places  and  thickets  in  the  Selkirks, 
growing  with  the  other  species  and  difficult 
to  distinguish  from  it  except  by  the  colour 
of  the  berries. 


266  Capriofoliaceae 

Viburnum        A  straggling  bush  2-6  feet  high 


Sm°°th 


Few-flowered      °r    nearly    SO'       LeaveS    broadly 

Cranberry        oval,   obovate  or   broader  than 
Tree.  long;    5-ribbed,    mostly   with    3 

rather  shallow  lobes  above  the  middle,  coarse- 
ly and  unequally  dentate,  smooth  above, 
more  or  less  hairy  on  the  veins  beneath,  1^-3 
inches  broad.  Flowers  small,  pure  white  or 
pinkish,  \  of  an  inch  broad  in  compact  axil- 
lary heads  an  inch  or  so  broad;  drupe 
• 

globose,   bright  red,  acid,  about  half  an  inch 

long. 

A  most  attractive  shrub  in  thickets  and 
woods  at  the  lower  altitudes  throughout 
the  Rockies;  flowering  in  May  and  early 
June;  the  acid  fruit  is  frequently  used  for 
preserving. 

Branches        slender,         woody, 
Lmnaea 

americana         slightly     hairy,     trailing,      6-24 

Forbes.  inches  long.     Leaves  evergreen, 

opposite,   obovate  or  orbicular, 

»  obscurely  crenate,  thick,  J-f  of 


Caprifoliaceae  267 

an  inch  wide,  sometimes  wider  than  long. 
Flowers  nodding  in  pairs,  rarely  in  4*5,  on 
slender  pedicels  J-}  of  an  inch  long,  very 
fragrant;  corolla  tubular -campanulate  with 
5  equal  lobes,  pink  or  nearly  white,  deep 
pink  within. 

In  moist  cool  woods,  frequent  throughout 
the  region,  especially  in  the  Rockies;  flower- 
ing in  late  June  and  early  July. 


Symphori-         An    6reCt   shmb>    J~4   feet   hi^h' 
carpos  smooth  or  nearly  so  with  slender 

racemosus       branches.     Leaves  oval,  obtuse 
kichx-  at   each   end,    1-2    inches   long, 

Snowberry. 

entire,  undulate  or  sometimes 
dentate.  Flowers  pale  pink  or  white,  few, 
in  axillary  clusters;  corolla  campanulate, 
J  of  an  inch  long,  equally  5-lobed,  slightly 
inflated  at  the  base  and  bearded  within; 
berries  snow-white,  nearly  J  an  inch  in 
diameter. 

On  rocky  banks  and  along  streams  at  the 
lower  altitudes  throughout  the  Rockies ;  flow- 
ering during  July. 


268 


Caprifoliaceae 


Symphori- 

carpos 

pauciflorus 

(Robbins) 

Britton. 

Low 

Snowberry. 


A  low,  spreading,  diffusely- 
branched  shrub  6-9  inches  high. 
Leaves  broadly  oval  or  orbicu- 
lar, entire,  softly  hairy,  es- 
pecially along  the  veins  beneath. 
Flowers  about  J  of  an  inch 
long,  solitary  in  the  upper 

axils,  and   2  or  3    in    the    terminal    spike; 

corolla      campanulate,       5-lobed,       bearded 

within;    berry  globose,   white,  J  of  an   inch 

in  diameter. 

In   rocky   places   and    on   wooded    slopes 

throughout      the     Rockies;      flowering     in 

July. 


Smooth,  more  or  less  shrubby  or 
twining.  Leaves  smooth  above, 
glaucous  and  hairy  at  least  on 
the  veins  beneath,  iJ-2  inches 
long,  papery  on  the  margins, 
usually  only  the  upper  pair 
connate-perfoliate.  Flowers  in  a  short  ter- 
minal interrupted  spike,  corolla  i  inch  long 
or  less,  yellow  changing  to  reddish,  slightly 


Lonicera 
glaucescens 

Rydb. 
Douglas's 
Honey- 
suckle. 


Caprifoliaceae  269 

hairy  without,  long-hairy  within,  the  tube 
rather  strongly  inflated  at  the  base,  the 
2-lipped  limb  shorter  than  the  tube,  stamens 
and  style  exserted. 

In  rocky  places  and  along  river  banks 
throughout  the  Rockies;  flowering  during 

July. 

Lonicera  Shrubby,  3-6  feet  high  with  grey 
ebractulata  bark.  Leaves  light  green, '  glau- 
Rydb.  cous  and  hairy  beneath,  fringed 

Fly  Honey-  with  hairg  Qn  the  margins>  ellip. 
suckle. 

tic-ovate  or  broadly-ovate,  ob- 
tuse, rounded  or  cordate  at  the  base,  rounded 
at  the  apex,  1-2^  inches  long,  J-iJ  inches 
wide.  Flowers  in  pairs  from  the  axils  of 
the  leaves;  peduncles  about  \  an  inch  long; 
corolla  light  yellow,  about  J  of  an  inch  long, 
funnel-form,  and  spurred  at  the  base  on  the 
inner  side;  berry  bright  red,  \  of  an  inch  in 
diameter. 

In  moist  woods  throughout  the  region  at 
the  lower  altitudes;  flowering  in  May  and 
early  June. 


270  Caprifoliaceae 

A    nearly    smooth    shrub    3-10 

feet  high.    Leaves  short-petioled, 
mvolucrata 

(Richards)  ovate,  oval  or  obovate,  2-6 
Banks.  inches  long,  acute  or  acuminate 

Involuted       ^  faQ  apex,  narrowed  or  round- 
ed at  the  base,  more  or  less  hairy 

suckle. 

at  least  when  young.     Flowers 

greenish-yellow,  2  or  3  on  axillary  peduncles, 
1-2  inches  long,  bracts  foliaceous,  ovate  or 
oval,  often  cordate,  bractlets  larger,  greenish- 
yellow,  at  length  turning  rich  maroon  and 
surrounding  the  fruit;  corolla  hairy,  funnel- 
form;  the  limb  nearly  equally  5-lobed; 
stamens  and  styles  slightly  exserted;  berries 
separate,  globose  or  oval,  nearly  black, 
about  J  of  an  inch  in  diameter. 

In  rich  moist  woods  and  thickets  at  the 
lower  altitudes  throughout  the  region,  in- 
conspicuous when  in  flower  in  late  June  and 
early  July,  but  especially  showy  when  in 
fruit,  -the  blue-black  berries  subtended  by 
the  showy  maroon  bracts,  making  it  a  most 
striking  shurb  during  summer  and  early 
autumn. 


Lonicera  involucrata    (Richards.)     Banks.    (%   Nat.) 
Involucred   Fly   Honeysuckle. 


Valerianacese  271 

VALERI  AN  ACE^E 
Valerian  Family 

Perennial  strongly  smelling  herbs,  with 
opposite  leaves  and  paniculate  heads  of 
small  pink  or  white,  funnel-form,  more  or 
less  gibbous  flowers,  commonly  with  3 
exserted  stamens. 

Erect,  perfectly  smooth  through- 
Valeriana 

septentri-  out  or  tne  inflorescence  minutely 
onalisRydb.  hairy,  8- 1 6  inches  high.  Basal, 
Northern  leaves  petioled,  spathulate  or 

oval,  1-5  inches  long,  entire; 
stem  leaves  usually  3  pairs,  the  lower 
petioled,  the  upper  sessile,  segments,  5-7 
oval  or  linear-lanceolate,  entire  or  merely 
undulate  on  the  margins.  Flowers  cymose- 
paniculate,  usually  congested ;  corolla  white, 
about  t  of  an  inch  long;  fruit  smooth,  J  of 
an  inch  or  slightly  longer. 

In  moist  shaded  places  and  on  slopes  in 
the  lower  valleys  of  the  Rockies;  flowering 
in  July. 


272  Valerianaceae 

Smooth  throughout ;  stem  rather 
Valeriana 

Scouleri  stout>    J~3    feet   nign-      Leaves, 

Rydb.  the  basal  on  long  petioles,  ob- 

Scouler's  long,  1-2  inches  long,  3-lobed, 
the  centre  one  much  the  largest, 
oblong,  tapering  to  both  ends,  the  lateral 
lanceolate;  stem  leaves,  2-4  pairs  pinnately 
parted  in  5-7  lanceolate,  acute,  entire,  or 
undulate  segments,  1-2  inches  long.  Flowers 
pink  in  a  flat,  cymose  panicle,  2-2 J  inches 
broad;  corolla  nearly  |  of  an  inch  long, 
funnel-form;  stamens  and  style  exserted. 

In  moist  open  ground  throughout  the 
Rockies  at  the  higher  elevations ;  flowering 
during  June  and  early  July. 

Valeriana  Smooth;  stems  rather  stout, 
sitchensis  1-5  feet  high,  often  branching. 
Bong.  Wild  Leaves  in  2-4  pairs,  pinnately 
Heliotrope.  3_5_iobed,  leaflets  ovate  to  ob- 
long or  lanceolate,  acuminate,  coarsely  den- 
tate, 1-2  inches  long,  densely  white-hairy 
at  the  base  of  the  petioles ;  basal  leaves  lack- 
ing at  the  time  of  flowering.  Flowers  very 


.2 


Campanulaceae  273 

fragrant,  pink,  in  a  compact  cymose  panicle, 
corolla  broad,  funnel-form,  J  of  an  inch  long 
with  spreading  rounded  lobes;  stamens  and 
style  much  exserted. 

Common  along  the  streams  and  in  damp 
places  in  the  Selkirks,  at  times  forming  vast 
masses  of  pink  when  in  flower  in  June  and 
early  July. 

CAMPANULACEAE 
Bell] 'lower  Family 

Herbs  with  alternate  simple  leaves,  usually 
milky  juice,  and  perfect  flowers ;  calyx  mostly 
5-lobed;  corolla  regular  or  irregular,  the  tube 
entire  or  deeply  cleft  on  one  side,  its  limb 
5-lobed,  regular  or  more  or  less  2-lipped; 
stamens  5,  alternate  with  the  corolla  lobes. 

Campanula  Smooth  or  nearly  so,  simple,  1-6 
uniflora  L.  inches  high.  Leaves  linear 
Arctic  or  linear-oblong,  acute,  sessile, 

Harebell  thickish  entire  or  sparingly  den- 
tate, f-i  J  inches  long  or  the  lower  and  basal 
ones  spatulate,  obtuse  and  narrowed  into 

18 


274  Campanulaceae 

petioles.  Flowers  erect,  calyx  tube  top- 
shaped,  smooth  or  hairy,  shorter  than  or 
equalling  the  lobes;  corolla  narrowly  cam- 
panulate,  J— J  an  inch  long,  bright  blue,  with 
5  slightly  spreading  lanceolate  lobes. 

Alpine  summits  in  the  Rockies  not  com- 
mon; flowering  in  July. 

Campanula  Smooth  or  nearly  so,  stems  erect 
rotundifolia  or  spreading,  often  several  from 
L.  Harebell,  the  same  root,  simple  or 
Bluebell.  branched,  6  inches  to  2  feet  high. 
Basal  leaves  nearly  orbicular  or  broadly  ovate, 
usually  heart-shaped  and  slender  petioled, 
J-i  inch  wide,  dentate  or  entire,  often 
wanting  at  flowering  time ;  stem  leaves  linear 
or  linear-oblong  acute,  mostly  entire  and 
sessile  or  the  lower  narrowed  into  short 
petioles  and  somewhat  spatulate.  Flowers 
several  or  numerous  in  racemes,  drooping 
or  spreading,  slender  pedicelled;  calyx  lobes 
hair-like,  spreading,  longer  than  the  tube,  co- 
rolla bright  blue,  campanulate,  J-i  inch  long. 
On  moist  rocks  or  stony  places,  on  slides 


Cichoriaceae  275 

or  gravelly  stream  banks,  frequent  through- 
out the  region;  flowering  during  most  of  the 
summer. 

Lobelia  Smooth  throughout  or   slightly 

hairy    below;    stem    simple    or 
strictiflora 
Rydb  slightly   branched,    erect,    leafy, 

Brook  4-8  inches  high.     Leaves  basal, 

Lobelia.  small,  J-J-  an  inch  long,  obovate, 

hairy ;  stem  leaves  linear.  Flowers  light  blue 
or  white,  J  or  nearly  J  an  inch  long  on  erect 
pedicels  slightly  more  than  their  own  length; 
petals  5,  the  two  upper  erect,  J  of  an  inch 
long,  very  slender,  the  3  lower  broader,  \  of 
an  inch  long  and  spreading,  in  loose  racemes , 
lower  bracts  linear  lanceolate,  the  upper 
hair-like. 

On  wet  banks  or  wet  gravelly  or  sandy 
ground  at  the  lower  altitudes  throughout  the 
Rockies,  abundant  locally;  flowering  in  July. 

ClCHORIACE^ 

Chicory  Family 
Herbs   almost   always   with    milky  juice, 


2  76  Cichoriaceae 

alternate  or  basal  leaves  and  yellow  or  rarely 
pink,  blue,  purple,  or  white  flowers  in  in- 
volucrate  heads ;  bracts  of  the  involucre  in  i  to 
several  series;  flowers  all  alike  and  perfect; 
corolla  with  a  short  or  long  tube  and  a  strap  - 
shaped  (ligulate)  usually  5 -toothed  limb  (ray) . 

Heads  solitary;  leaves  all  basal. 

Achenes  smooth  at  the  apex.  Agoseris. 

Achenes  spinulose  at  the  apex.  Taraxacum. 

Heads  several ;  leaves  not  all  basal. 
Achenes  flattened. 

Flowers  yellow.  Sonchus. 

Flowers  blue.  Lactuca. 

.  Achenes  rounded. 

Pappus  white.  Crepis. 

Pappus  tawny.  Hieracium. 

Pale  and  smooth  throughout  or 

a  little  woolly  below.  Leaves 
glauca 

(Pursh.)          linear-lanceolate  or  oblong,   en- 
Greene,  tire,  dentate  or  pinnatifid,  2-10 
Large-  inches  long,  acuminate.     Scapes 
stout,  smooth  or  slightly  hairy, 

Agoseris.  J ' 

longer  than  the  leaves,  6-18 
inches  high,  head  1-2  inches  broad,  rays 
bright  yellow,  involucre  oblong,  campanulate, 
usually  smooth. 

Open  grounds  and  on  grassy  alpine  slopes 


a  Hieracium  umbellatum   L.   Narrow-Leaved   Hawkweed. 
b   Agoseris   aurantiaca    (Hook.)    Greene.    (%    Nat.) 


Cichoriaceae  277 

and  in  meadows;  flowering  during  June  and 

July. 

Nearly    smooth,    not    glaucous. 

Agosens  Leaves  oblanceolate,  obtuse,  en- 

aurantiaca 

(Hook )  tire    or     w        lanceolate    lobes 

Greene.  toward  the  base,  narrowed  into 

Orange-  slender  petioles,  4-8  inches  long. 

flowered  Scapes  longer  than  the  leaves, 

Agoseris. 

smooth  below,  woolly  at  the  top ; 
involucre  J— f  of  an  inch  high,  bracts  lance- 
olate, more  or  less  woolly,  flowers  orange  or 
copper-coloured . 

In  open  ground  and  alpine  meadows 
throughout  the  region;  flowering  in  mid- 
summer. 

Agoseris  Smooth,     leaves    lanceolate    or 

graciliens  linear-lanceolate       entire,      6-8 
(A.  Gray)  01 

Greene  inches  long,  acute.     Scapes  slen- 

Slender  der,   10-18    inches   high,    woolly 

Agoseris.          at    the    summit;    involucre    J-J 
of  an  inch  long,  bracts  narrow,  smooth  with 
hairy-fringed  margins;  flowers  deep   orange. 
In   grassy  alpine  meadows  throughout  the 


2  78 


Cichoriaceae 


Rockies   at  the  higher   altitudes;   flowering 
during  July. 

Taraxacum  R°ot  thick  and  deeP'  LeaveS 
Taraxacum  oblong  to  spatulate  in  outline, 
(L.)  Karst.  usually  rough-hairy  at  least 
Dandelion.  when  young,  acute  or  obtuse, 
pinnatifid,  sinuate-dentate  or  rarely  nearly 
entire,  rather  succulent,  3-10  inches  long 
J-2J  inches  wide,  narrowed  into  petioles. 
Scapes  erect,  2-18  inches  high,  head  1-2 
inches  broad,  containing  very  numerous 
golden-yellow  flowers,  inner  bracts  of  the 
involucre,  linear  or  linear-lanceolate,  the 
outer  similar,  shorter,  not  glaucous,  reflexed, 
acute;  achenes  greenish  brown. 

In  waste  places  and  open  ground  through- 
out the  region,  along  roadsides  and  near 
the  railway;  established  as  a  weed;  flower- 
ing" in  early  summer. 


Smooth;  scapes  and  leaves  from 


Taraxacum 

montanum 

Nutt. 

Mountain        root'     Leaves  spatulate,  oblong, 

Dandelion.       nearly     entire     or     runcinately 


Cichoriaceae  279 

toothed,  obtuse,  the  teeth  shallow  and 
simple,  3-4  inches  long,  J-J  of  an  inch 
wide.  Flowers  bright  orange  or  yellow  on 
smooth  scapes,  4-8  inches  high;  invo- 
lucral  bracts  all  appressed,  in  2 -series,  the 
outer  ovate  to  lanceolate,  frequently  reddish ; 
inner  ones  narrowly  lanceolate. 

Throughout  the  Rockies  in  the  lower 
valleys  and  slopes;  flowering  in  early  June. 

Sonchus  Stems  smooth,  leafy  below, 
arvensis  L.  branched  and  nearly  naked 
MM  above,  2-4  feet  high.  Lower 

and  basal  leaves  runcinate-pin- 
natifid,  often  12  inches  long,  spinulose  den- 
tate, narrowed  into  short  petioles,  the  upper 
pinnatifid  or  entire,  clasping.  Flowers  bright 
yellow,  numerous  in  showy  heads,  1-2  inches 
broad;  involucre  nearly  an  inch  high. 

An  introduced  weed,  occurring  more  or 
less  frequently  along  the  line  of  the  railway 
throughout  the  region;  a  showy  plant  when 
in  flower,  during  the  early  part  of  the 
day. 


280 


Cichoriaceae 


Smooth  throughout  and  some- 
what glaucous ;  stem  rather  slen- 
der and  leafy,  1-3  feet  high. 
Leaves  linear-lanceolate,  lan- 
ceolate or  oblong,  acute,  entire, 
dentate,  lobed  or  pinnatifid,  2-8 
inches  long.  Flowers  bright  blue 

or  violet  in  numerous  heads  J  an  inch  or  more 

broad,  in  an  open  panicle. 

Frequent  along  the  railway  in  moist  open 

places  throughout  the  region;  flowering  in 

midsummer. 


Lactuca 
pulchella 

(Pursh)  DC 
Large- 
flowered 
Blue 
Lettuce. 


Alpine 

Hawk's- 

beard. 


Crepis  nana  Smooth,  forming  depressed  tufts 
Richards.  on  slender,  creeping  rootstocks. 
Leaves  chiefly  at  the  root,  1-2 
inches  long  including  the  petioles, 
obovate  to  spatulate,  entire, 
repand-dentate  or  lyrate,  commonly  equalling 
the  clustered  stems.  Heads  few-flowered, 
nearly  J  an  inch  high,  narrowly  cylindric, 
J  of  an  inch  in  diameter;  flowers  bright 
yellow,  spreading  J  of  an  inch  across. 

A  small  alpine  plant  growing  among  loose 


Cichoriaceae 


281 


stones  and  on  the  moraines  and  on  slides 
and  summits  throughout  the  Rockies ;  flower- 
ing in  midsummer. 


Smooth,  many-stemmed  from  a 
perennial  tap-root,  6-12  inches 
high,  diffusely  branched.  Leaves 
entire  or  nearly  so;  root  leaves 
spatulate ;  stem-leaves  from 
lanceolate  to  linear.  Heads  nu- 
merous, narrowly  cylindric,  J-J 

of  an  inch  high,  the  pale  yellow  flowers  little 

more  than  J  of  an  inch  across. 

In  gravel  beds  along  the  rivers  and  larger 

streams  throughout  the  Rockies;    flowering 

during  July. 


Crepis 
elegans 

Hook. 
Many- 
flowered 
Hawk's- 
beard. 


Stem  rather  slender,  smooth 
or  puberulent,  sometimes  rough 
hairy  below,  leafy,  simple,  1-2^ 
feet  high.  Leaves  lanceolate 
or  the  lowest  spatulate,  entire, 
denticulate  or  sometimes  laciniate-dentate, 
acute  or  acuminate,  1-3  inches  long,  smooth 
above,  usually  hairy  beneath  with  the 


Hieracium 
umbellatum 

L.    Narrow- 
leaved 
Hawk-weed. 


282  Cichoriaceae 

margins  fringed  with  hairs.  Heads  of  flowers 
nearly  an  inch  broad,  umbellate,  bright 
yellow. 

On  banks  and  near  rivers  in  the  Rockies; 
flowering  in  July. 


Hieracium  throughout     with 


Scouleri  so^  na-irs  5  I~2  feet  high.    Leaves 

Hook.  lanceolate    or    spatulate-lanceo- 

Hairy  iat6)   3-6  inches  long.     Flowers 

Hawk-weed.       •  •  1       i_  1  •  •  1 

in  an  irregular  branching  panicle. 

Head  J  an  inch  high;  involucre  with  copious 
long  bristly  hairs;  flowers  bright  yellow,  J 
an  inch  or  more  broad.  ,-  '' 

On  banks  and  stony  open  ground  through- 
out the  region  flowering  during  July. 

Growing  in  tufts,  pale  green. 
Hieracium 

gracile  Leaves    nearly     all    in    clusters 

Hook.  at  the  root,  obovate  to  oblong- 

Slender  spatulate,   1-3    inches   long,    at- 

Hawk-weed.  •    ,  ,•    1  ,  • 

tenuate  into  petioles,  entire  or 
repand  denticulate.  Stems  8-18  inches  high, 
brownish-hairy  above,  bearing  few  or  several 
heads  of  flowers  near  the  top;  involucres 


Carduaceae  283 

about  J  of  an  inch  high,  usually  blackish- 
hairy  at  the  base;  flowers  bright  yellow  in 
heads  J  of  an  inch  or  less  broad. 

In  dry  open  or  shaded  places  at  the  higher 
elevations  throughout  the  region,  growing 
in  sand ;  flowering  in  July. 

Loosely    branching    and    hairy 

Hieracium 

albiflorum          with   long   hairs'    x~3    feet   high. 

Hook.  Leaves  oblong,  thin,  2-6  inches 

White-  long.      Involucres    narrow-cam- 

panulate,  4-  to  nearly  \  an  inch 

Hawk-weed. 

high;  flowers  white,  J  of  an  inch 
across  or  more;  several  in  a  compound 
cyme. 

On  sandy  banks  and  open  mountain  sides, 
frequent  throughout  the  region  at  the  lower 
elevations;  flowering  during  June  and  July. 

CARDUACE.E 

Thistle  Family 

Herbs  with  watery  or  resinous  sap  and 
alternate,  opposite  or  basal  leaves;  flowers 


284  Carduaceae 

perfect,  pistillate  or  neutral;  borne  on  a 
common  receptacle  forming  heads,  sur- 
rounded by  an  involucre  of  few  to  many 
bracts  in  one  or  more  series;  calyx  tube 
attached  to  the  top  of  the  ovary,  the  limb 
(pappus)  of  bristles,  awns,  teeth,  scales, 
crown-like  or  wanting;  corolla  tubular,  usu- 
ally 5-lobed  or  -cleft,  the  marginal  flowers 
frequently  expanded  into  a  ligule  (ray) ; 
when  the  ray  flowers  are  absent  the  head  is 
said  to  be  discoid,  when  present,  radiate; 
the  tubular  flowers  form  the  disc.  The  largest 
of  all  the  families  of  flowering  plants  com- 
prising about  760  genera  and  not  less  than 
10,000  species,  represented  in  the  region  by 
the  following: 

Anthers  not  tailed  at  the  base ;  heads  rayed  or  rayless. 
Style  branches  of  the  perfect  flowers  flattened,  with 

terminal  appendages. 
Rays  yellow  or  sometimes  wanting. 
Pappus  double,  the  outer  very  short. 

Chrysopsis. 

Pappus  simple;  panicle  compact.  Solidago. 

Rays  white,  purple,  or  blue,  rarely  wanting. 

Involucral    bracts    in    1-2   series,  narrow;    rays 
usually  narrow  and  numerous.        Erigeron. 
Involucral  bracts  in  2-5  series;  rays  broader  and 
less  numerous. 


Carduaceae  285 

Scales  of  the  involucre  dry,  papery  and  ap- 

pressed.  Bucephalus. 

Scales  of  the  involucre  more  or  less  herbaceous, 

and  spreading.  Aster. 

Style  branches  of  the  perfect  flowers  straight  edged 

or  with  hairy  tips. 
Involucre  not  scarious. 

Pappus  never  capillary;   receptacle  chaffy  or 

bristly. 
Receptacle  conic,  chaffy;  pappus  none. 

Rudbeckia. 

Receptacle  flat,  chaffy ;  tall  herbs ;  pappus  2 

scales.  Helianthus. 

Receptacle  bristly;  pappus  a  crown  of  scales. 

Gaillardia. 
Pappus  capillary. 

Leaves  all  or  mostly  opposite.  Arnica. 

Leaves  alternate. 

Flowers  white  or  pinkish ;  leaves  large. 

Petasites. 

Flowers  yellow,  leaves  small.         Senecio. 
Involucre  scarious. 

Receptacle  chaffy;  rays  short.  Achillea. 

Receptacle  naked ;  rays  conspicuous. 

Chrysanthemum . 

Receptacle  naked;  rays  none.  Artemisia. 

Anthers  with  tails  at  the  base;  heads  without  rays. 
Receptacle  not  bristly;  corolla  not  deeply  cleft. 
Pappus  hair-like%  in  pistillate  flowers;  club  shaped 
in  staminate.  Antennaria. 

Pappus  of  all  the  flowers  similar.  Anaphalis. 

Receptacle  long  bristly;  corolla  deeply  cleft. 

Leaves  and  usually  the  involucral  bracts  prickly. 

Carduus. 
Leaves  and  involucral  bracts  not  prickly. 

Saussurea. 


286  Carduaceae 

Stems  numerous  from  a  woody 
his  id  rootstock,  rough-hairy  through- 

(Hook.)  ou^»  spreading,  6-12  inches  long. 

Nutt.  Leaves  spatulate  to  oblong,  en- 

Hispid  tire,  spreading,  f-ij  inches  long, 

Golden 

obtuse  at  the  apex,  narrowed  at 
Aster. 

the  base,  often  into  petioles 
half  as  long  as  the  blade  or  more.  Heads 
very  numerous,  about  J  an  inch  broad;  in- 
volucre less  than  J  an  inch  high,  its  bracts 
lanceolate,  rough-hairy;  ray  flowers  bright 
yellow,  1  of  an  inch  or  more  long. 

In  dry  soil  through  the  lower  valleys 
throughout  the  Rockies;  flowering  in  mid- 
summer. 

Solidago  Stems  smooth  or  somewhat  hairy 
multiradiata "  above,  slender,  6-15  inches  high. 
Ait.  Leaves  firm,  smooth  or  nearly 

Northern  ^    the    bagal    and    lower    oneg 

Goldenrod. 

spatulate  or  oblanceolate,  en- 
tire or  sparingly  serrate,  obtuse,  finely 
reticulate- veined,  3-5  inches  long,  the  upper 
smaller  and  narrower,  entire.  Heads  about 


Carduaceae  287 

J  of  an  inch  high,  usually  few  in  a  rather 
compact  terminal  cyme;  bracts  of  the  in- 
volucre thin,  linear-lanceolate,  acute,  smooth; 
rays  8-15,  large. 

On  open  hillsides  throughout  the  region; 
flowering  in  July. 

Stems  clustered  at  the  summit 
Sohdago 

decumbens  of  a  strong,  perpendicular  root, 
Greene.  stout,  decumbent,  6- 1 8  inches 

Field  high,    usually    dark     red     and 

Goldenrod.  .     . 

sparsely   hairy.      Leaves   spatu- 

late-obovate  to  oblanceolate,  obtuse  or  acut- 
ish,  more  or  less  distinctly  serrate  toward  the 
summit,  upper  cauline  leaves  similar  but 
few  and  reduced,  all  rough  on  the  margins. 
Heads  large  in  a  thyrsoid  panicle;  bracts 
of  the  involucre  glandular-viscid,  linear, 
obtuse,  of  firm  texture,  nerved;  rays  large. 

Smooth,     rather     slender,     3-5 
Solidago 

missourien-  feet  high-  Leaves  firm  or  thick, 
sis  Nutt.  those  of  the  stem  linear-lanceo- 
Missouri  iate  and  sessile,  acuminate  at 

Goldenrod.  b 


288  Carduaceae 

2-4  inches  long,  rough-margined,  triple- 
nerved,  entire  or  sparingly  serrate  with  low 
sharp  teeth,  the  basal  and  lowest  ones  longer  ? 
spatulate  and  petioled.  Heads  J-J  of  an 
inch  high  on  one  side  of  the  spreading  or 
recurving  branches  of  the  short  panicle; 
bracts  of  the  involucre  oblong,  greenish- 
tipped,  obtuse;  rays  6-13,  short. 

In  dry  soil  on  the  edges  of  woodland  at  the 
lower  altitudes  throughout  the  Rockies; 
flowering  in  August. 


Solidago  Stout'   rougn-hairy    or    slightly 

canadensis  so,   2-8  feet  high.     Leaves  lan- 

L.  Canada  ceolate,  triple-  nerved,   acute    at 
Goldenrod. 


V^C^V^IA    VxXJ.vj.*      L'J.AV'    j.wvv\~/J.      \-/AJ.v/kj    Ollciri-/-Ly 

ij    \ 

serrate  and  petioled,    3-6  inches  long,    J-i 

r  ** 

inch  wide,  the  upper  smaller,  entire.  Heads 
small,  |  of  an  inch  or  less  high,  very  numerous 
on  one  side  of  the  spreading  or  recurved 
branches  of  the  usually  large  and  dense 
panicle;  involucral  bracts  linear,  obtuse  or 
acutish;  rays  9-15  small. 

In  open  usually  dry  soil  at  the  lower  alti- 


(i   Erigeron  salsuginosus   (Rich.)   A.  Gray. 

Large  Purple  Fleabane. 
1>  Erigeron  acris  L.   Blue  Fleabane. 
c   Saussurea   densa   Hook.     Saussurea.       (3/    Nat.) 


Carduaceae 


289 


tudes    throughout    the    Rockies;    flowering 
during  July  and  August. 


Eri     on 

simplex 
Greene. 

Fleabane. 

Heads 


Stems  1-6  inches  high,  several 
from  the  same  root.  Leaves 
few,  the  basal  spatulate  or 
oblanceolate,  1-2  inches  long; 
stem  leaves  linear  and  few. 
of  an  inch  in  diameter,  solitary; 
involucre  usually  rough-hairy  as  well  as 
woolly,  bracts  linear-acute,  rather  close,  rays 
J—  J  of  an  inch  long,  white,  very  numerous. 
An  alpine  plant  in  dry  ground  at  the  higher 
elevations,  among  stones  and  on  the  moraines, 
flowering  in  July. 


Soft  hairy  above,    12-20  inches 
Leaves     smooth,     thick, 
§reen>      spatulate      or 
nearly    ovate,     acute     or     con- 
spicuously  bristle-tipped,  the  up- 
permost    small     and   bract-like. 

.  . 

Heads    over    ij    inches    in    di- 
ameter; rays  50-70,  purple  or  violet,  J-f  of 


Erigeron 
salsuginosus 

(Richards) 
A.  Gray. 
Large 
Purple 

Fleabane. 


2  go  Carduaceae 

an  inch  long;  disc  bright  yellow;  involucral 
bracts  linear,  attenuate  and  spreading, 
glandular-hairy. 

A  most  striking  violet  or  purple  daisy  on 
moist  banks,  slopes,  and  in  moist,  open  wood- 
lands; flowering  during  July. 

Eri  eron  Stem  simple  or  branched  above, 
asper  Nutt.  more  or  less  hairy,  sometimes 
Rough  roughly  so,  6-24  inches  high. 

Fleabane.  Leaves  smooth,  hairy  or  fringed 
on  the  margin  with  hairs,  entire,  the  basal 
ones  spatulate,  obtuse,  2-4  inches  long, 
narrowed  into  a  margined  petiole;  stem 
leaves  oblong-lanceolate  or  linear-lanceolate, 
obtuse  or  acute,  the  upper  smaller.  Heads 
several  or  solitary,  slender  peduncled,  J— J- 
an  inch  broad;  involucre  hemispheric, 
its  bracts  linear,  acute,  or  rough  hairy  ; 
rays  100-150,  very  narrow,  violet-purple 
or  nearly  white,  J  to  nearly  half  an  inch 
long. 

In  dry  soil  in  the  lower  valleys  and  slopes 
of  the  Rockies;  flowering  in  July. 


Carduaceae  291 

Stems  tufted,  closely  white-hairy 
Erigeron 

csespitosus         from    a     deeP    root5     simPle     or 
Nutt.  branched     above,     6-12     inches 

Tufted  high.     Leaves    white-hairy,    en- 

tire, narrowly  oblanceolate  or 
spatulate,  obtuse  or  acutish,  1-3  inches 
long;  stem-leaves  linear  or  linear-oblong, 
acute  or  obtuse,  the  upper  gradually  shorter. 
Heads  solitary  or  several,  short-peduncled, 
J-J  an  inch  broad;  involucre  hemispheric 
its  bracts  lanceolate  or  linear-oblong  acute, 
white-hairy;  rays  40-60,  J— J-  of  an  inch 
long,  white  or  pinkish. 

In  dry  open  places  in  the  Rockies  at  the 
lower  altitudes,  a  pretty  tufted  plant  re- 
sembling an  Aster;  flowering  during  July. 

Eri  eron  Rough-hairy        or        somewhat 

multifidus  smooth,    stems   slender,    numer- 

Rydb.  ous,    3-6   inches   high.      Leaves 

Daisy  crowded   on   the  crowns  of  the 

Fleabane. 

caudex,  usually  twice  ternately 
parted  into  linear  or  spatulate  hairy  lobes; 
an  inch  long  or  less  including  the  petiole; 


292  Carduaceae 

• 

stem-leaves  narrow  or  scale-like.  Flowers 
solitary  at  the  top  of  the  nearly  leafless  hairy 
stem;  involucre  \  of  an  inch  high  and  nearly 
J  an  inch  in  diameter,  outer  bracts  shorter 
and  spreading;  rays  40-60,  white,  purple  or 
violet,  from  J  to  nearly  \  an  inch  long. 

On  dry  rocks  throughout  the  Rockies  up 
to  6000  feet  elevation  or  above,  flowering 
during  June  or  July. 

Erigeron  multifidus  discoideus  (A.  Gray.) 
Rydb.,  differing  from  the  species  in  the  en- 
tire absence  of  ray  flowers  and  smaller  heads, 
and  Erigeron  multifidus  nudus  Rydb.,  differ- 
ing from  the  species  in  being  almost  en- 
tirely smooth  except  a  few  hairs  on  the 
petioles  and  involucral  bracts,  are  found 
in  similar  localities  throughout  the  Rockies, 
often  growing  with  the  species  and  frequent- 
ly much  more  abundant. 

Erigeron          Ashy-hairy,     3-6     inches     high 

from  a  tufted  caudex.     Leaves 
Greene 
Golden  ovate,     spatulate    or    roundish, 

Fleabane.         2    an   inch   or   more   long,    con- 


Carduaceae  293 

tracted  into  a  petiole;  stem  leaves  J  of 
an  inch  long,  few,  and  very  narrow.  Flow- 
ers solitary,  about  J  of  an  inch  high  and 
broad ;  involucre  usually  reddish  or  purplish, 
covered  with  woolly  hairs;  bracts  nearly 
equal,  lanceolate,  rather  loose;  rays  numer- 
ous, J-J  of  an  inch  long,  deep  golden  yellow. 
In  open  ground  on  alpine  meadows  and 
among  rocks,  at  the  higher  altitudes,  through- 
out the  region ;  a  striking  little  plant,  flower- 
ing in  July. 

Erigeron  Stems    few    or  several,  slender, 

melanoce-  e  2_6     ^^     ^   h       ^^ 

phalus 

A  Nelson.  purplish-black     hairs.       Leaves 

Black-wool-  numerous,  elliptic  or  narrowly 
ly  Fleabane.  oblong,  f-ij  inches  long,  nearly 
smooth;  stem  leaves  broadly  linear,  acumi- 
nate, f-i  inch  long,  hairiness  similar  to  that 
of  the  stem.  Head  solitary,  £  of  an  inch 
broad;  involucral  scales  nearly  equal,  with 
attenuate  tips,  densely  covered  with  pur- 
plish-black wool ;  rays  50-60,  white  or  pinkish, 
|  of  an  inch  long. 


294  Carduaceae 

In    open  stony    or    more    or    less    grassy 

ground    at  the    high    altitudes;    flowering 
during  July. 

Erigeron  More  or  less  hairy,  varying  to 

acris  L  smooth,  3-18  inches  high,  simple 

Blue  or    branching.       Leaves    spatu- 
Fleabane. 


inches  long,  hairy  and  entire.  Heads  \  of  an 
inch  or  more  broad,  single  or  several,  more  or 
less  paniculately  disposed;  involucre  hemi- 
spheric, its  bracts  linear  and  hairy;  rays 
numerous,  very  narrow,  only  slightly  ex- 
ceeding the  yellow  disc,  blue  or  purple. 

In  dry  stony  ground  and  slopes  throughout 
the  region,  very  variable  as  to  size  ;  flowering 
during  July. 

Erigeron  Nearly  or  quite  smooth,  1-2 
drobrachi-  feet  high,  usually  paniculately 
ensis  O.  ,  branched.  Leaves  spatulate 
to  lanceolate,  acute,  rather  nu- 
merous. Heads  on  peduncle-like  branches, 
an  inch  or  more  long,  involucre,  J  of  an  inch 
or  more  broad,  scales  narrowly  lanceolate, 


Carduaceae  295 

attenuate  and  glandular,  green;  rays  nu- 
merous and  thread-like,  pink,  but  slightly 
exceeding  the  disc. 

On  banks  and  more  or  less  shaded  places 
at  the  lower  altitudes  throughout  the 
Rockies;  flowering  during  July. 

Soft-hairy  or  sometimes  nearly 
Engeron 

philadel-  smooth,  stems  slender,  mostly 
phicus  L.  branched  above,  1-3  feet  high. 
Philadelphia  Leaves  spatulate  or  obovate, 

Fleabane.  u  . 

obtuse  or  acute,  dentate  or 
entire,  1-3  inches  long.  Heads  several  or 
numerous,  corymbose-paniculate,  J-J  of  an 
inch  broad ;  involucre  depressed  hemispheric, 
its  bracts  linear  with  roughened  margins ;  rays 
100-150,  J-Jof  an  inch  long,  bright  rose-colour. 
In  open  grassy  and  wet  places  at  the  lower 
altitudes,  throughout  the  Rockies ;  flowering 
in  June  and  July.  This  species,  the  most 
widely  distributed  of  any  member  of  the 
genus  is  found  throughout  North  America; 
though  locally  rare,  where  found  it  is  usually 
in  great  abondance. 


296  Carduaceae 

Agter  Hairy,     often     much     branched 

Richardsonii  from  tne  base,  3-12  inches  high. 
Sprang.  Leaves  oblong,  spatulate  to 

Richardson's  broadly  lanceolate,  more  or  less 
Aster.  i  ! 

sharply  serrate,  an  inch  or  more 

long.  Heads  solitary,  terminating  the  stem 
or  branches;  involucre  broadly  campanulate, 
J  of  an  inch  high,  shorter  than  the  disc  the 
bracts  narrowly  lanceolate,  with  mostly 
acute  and  loose  herbaceous  tips;  rays  nearly 
half  an  inch  long,  violet-purple. 

In    gravelly   ground    and    river    bottoms 
frequent    in    the    region;    flowering    during 

July. 


Aster  Rough,  stout,  and  rigid,   2   feet 

conspicuus  high  Leaves  firm>  ovate>  ob_ 
Lindl. 

Lar  e  long,  or  the  lower  obovate,  acute, 

Purple  4-6    inches    long,     1^-4    inches 

Aster.  broad,    acutely    serrate,    reticu- 

late-veiny. Flowers  numerous  in  a  broad 
head,  involucre,  broadly  campanulate,  equal- 
ling the  disc,  half  an  inch  high;  bracts  in 
several  series,  minutely  glandular,  lanceolate, 


Carduaceae  297 

acute,  the  greenish  tips  a  little  spreading; 
rays  \  an  inch  long  or  more,  violet. 

The  most  showy  of  all  the  Asters,  frequent 
in  the  Rockies  at  the  lower  altitudes,  on 
slides  and  on  gravelly  river  banks,  forming 
great  masses  of  colour  when  flowering  in  late 
July  and  early  August. 

Stem  stout,  leafy  to  the  summit, 
Aster  major  . 

,„    ,.  densely    long-hairy,     or    rarely 

Porter.  smooth,    branched    above,     2-6 

Great  feet  high.     Leaves  rather  thin, 

Northern  lanceolate,  partly  clasping  by 
a  narrowed  base,  acuminate  at 
the  apex,  sharply  serrate  with  low  distant 
teeth,  dark  green  and  lightly  hairy  above, 
densely  soft-hairy  on  the  veins  beneath, 
3-5  inches  long,  \  to  nearly  an  inch  wide. 
Heads  mostly  solitary,  at  the  ends  of  short 
branches,  ij  inches  broad;  involucre  hemi- 
spheric, its  bracts  little  imbricated,  green, 
linear- subulate,  densely  glandular;  rays 
35-45  purple,  about  \  an  inch  long. 

In  moist  soil  in  the  valleys  of  the  Selkirks ; 
flowering  during  August. 


298  Carduaceae 

Stem  usually  stout,  smooth,  or 
Lindleyanus  sparingly  hairy,  1-3  feet  high, 
T.  &  G.  branched  above.  Leaves  rather 

Lindley's         thick,  smooth  or  slightly  hairy, 

Aster.  •    11  .1 

especially    on    the    veins,     the 

lower  and  basal  ones  heart-shaped  at  the 
base,  sharply  serrate,  ovate-acute  or  acumi- 
nate, 2-4  inches  long,  with  slender,  naked 
petioles ;  upper  leaves  ovate-lanceolate  or  lan- 
ceolate, more  or  less  serrate  or  entire,  sessile  or 
with  margined  petioles.  Heads  usually  not 
numerous,  J  of  an  inch  or  more  high;  in- 
volucre broadly  top-shaped;  bracts  linear- 
lanceolate,  acute,  rather  loosely  imbricated, 
smooth  or  nearly  so,  their  tips  green,  rays 
10-20,  blue  or  violet,  J— £  an  inch  long; 
pappus  nearly  white. 

In  open  places  and  along  the  rivers 
throughout  the  region;  flowering  during 
July  and  August. 

Aster  cilio-  Stems  1-2  feet  high,  round, 
marginatus  slightly  striate  and  tinged  with 
Rydb.  Te^  smooth  below,  more  or  less 

hairy  in  lines  above.     Basal  leaves  smooth 


Aster  Lindleyanus  T.  &  G.   (%  Nat.) 


Carduaceae  299 

except  the  hairy-fringed  margins,  thin,  dis- 
tantly serrate  or  subentire,  tapering  into 
wing- margined  petioles,  oblanceolate-acute, 
4-8  inches  long;  the  upper  oblong  or  lan- 
ceolate sessile.  Heads  about  \  an  inch  high, 
J-f  of  an  inch  in  diameter,  rather  few  in 
an  open  panicle;  involucral  bracts  linear, 
fringed  with  hairs  on  the  margins,  the  upper 
part  '  foliaceous  and  the  outer  somewhat 
spreading;  rays  numerous  \  an  inch  long, 
light-blue. 

In  moist,  more  or  less  shaded  places,  edges 
of  woods  and  thickets,  throughout  the 
Rockies;  flowering  in  late  July  and  August. 


Simple,  stem  smooth,  with  spar- 

Aster  ing,    erect,   flowering    branches, 

frondeus 

(\  Gray)        Leaves  few,   broadly  lanceolate 

Greene.  to    oblong    or    spatulate,  entire 

Leafy-  or  nearly  so,  the  lower  tapering 

bract*  .  ^    winged  petioles.    Heads  soli- 

Aster 

tary  or  few,  on  naked  peduncles ; 

involucre  J  of  an  inch  high,  or  less;  bracts 
linear-lanceolate,  loose,  all  equalling  the  disc; 


300  Carduaceae 

rays  violet  or  purple,  nearly  J  an  inch  long. 
In  wet  places  and  along  streams  through- 
out   the    Rockies;    flowering    during     July 
and  August. 

Slightly  hairy  or  smooth,  simple 
Bucephalus  or  somewhat  branched,  1 8  inches 

Engelmanni 

p  c  to    2    feet    high,    bnght    green. 

Eaton)  Leaves    thin,    ovate-oblong    to 

Greene.  broadly  lanceolate,    2-4    inches 

Engel-  long,  loosely  veined,  tapering  at 

mann's 

Aster  apex  into  a   slender- spined 

tip,  the  larger  sometimes  with 
a  few  small  acute  teeth.  Heads  \  an  inch 
high,  hemispherical,  either  racemosely  dis- 
posed on  slender  axillary  peduncles,  or 
somewhat  cymose;  involucral  bracts  mostly 
acute  or  acuminate,  some  outer  ones  loose, 
narrow,  and  partly  herbaceous,  or  with  loose 
pointed  tips;  inner  purplish;  rays  about  \ 
an  inch  long,  spreading,  violet  or  pinkish. 

In  open  woods  and  on  slopes,  principally 
in  the  Rockies  at  the  higher  elevations; 
flowering  during  July. 


Carduacese  301 

Rough-hairy  throughout,  stems 
Rudbeckia  ,        ,  *     j 

, .  simple    or    sparingly    branched, 

nirta  L*. 

Black-eyed  often  tufted,  1-3  feet  high. 
Susan,  Leaves  thick,  sparingly  serrate  ^  c* 

Yellow  with  low  teeth   or  entire,    lan- 

ceolate or  oblong,  the  lower  and 
basal    ones    petioled,    mostly    obtuse,    3-5- 

€/* 

nerved,  2-7  inches  long,  £-2  inches  wide, 
the  upper  sessile,  narrower,  acute  or  acutish. 
Heads  commonly  few  or  solitary,  2-4  inches 
broad;  rays  10-20,  deep  yellow  or  orange; 
bracts  of  the  involucre  very  rough-hairy; 
spreading  or  reflexed,  much  shorter  than  the 
rays;  disc  globose-ovoid,  purple-brown. 

Throughout  the  region,  not  infrequent 
along  the  railway  from  Field  west  to  the 
valley  of  the  Columbia  at  Beavermouth; 
flowering  in  July  and  August. 

Stems  simple  or  a  little  branched, 
Helianthus 
scaberrimus      rough-hairy  or  only  slightly  so, 

Ell.  1-8  feet  high.  Leaves  thick,  leath- 

Strff  ery,  serrate,  rough-hairy  on  both 

Sunflower.  •  -\  1         1  i         •      1 

sides,  2-7  inches  long,  J-2  inches 


Mir 


3o2  Carduaceae 

wide,  acute  at  the  apex,,  narrowed  at  the  base, 
the  lower  ovate  or  ovate-oblong,  petioled,  the 
upper  lanceolate  or  oblong-lanceolate,  ses- 
sile or  short-petioled,  all  opposite,  or  the 
uppermost  bract-like  and  alternate.  Heads 

M 

solitary  or  few,  2-3  inches  broad,  involucre 
hemispheric,  its  bracts  ovate,  acute  or  obtuse, 
fringed  with  hairs;  disc  brown  or  purple; 
rays  15-25,  light  yellow. 

Frequent  along  the  railway  in  the  valley 
of  the  Kicking  Horse  River  and  in  the 
valley  of  the  Columbia  at  Beavermouth; 
flowering  in  August. 


Stem  smooth,  except  the  summit 
Helianthus 
Nuttallii  which     is     soft-hairy,     slender, 

Ton-  and         mostly    simple,    2-4    feet    high. 
Gray.  Leaves  rough  on  both  surfaces, 

Nuttall's          lanceolate    or  the  upper  linear, 

Sunflower. 

3-6  inches  long,  J— f  of  an 
inch  wide,  frequently  opposite,  serrulate  or 
entire.  Heads  ^  an  inch  high,  scattered; 
bracts  of  the  involucre  linear-lanceolate 
with  a  subulate  tip,  hairy  at  the  base; 


a  Erigeron  aureus  Greene.     Golden  Fleabane. 

b   Gaillardia  aristata  Pursh.      (3/5  Nat.) 

Great  Flowered  Gaillardia. 


Carduaccae  303 

rays  narrow,  acute,  deep  yellow,  i-ij  inches 
long. 

In  moist  grounds  and  on  river  banks 
throughout  the  Rockies  at  the  lower  alti- 
tudes; flowering  during  July. 

Rough-hairy,    stems    simple    or 
Gaillardia  . 

aristata  httle   branched,    1-3   feet  high. 

Pursh.  Leaves  firm,  densely  and  finely 

Great-  hairy,  the  lower  basal  ones  peti- 

flowered  ole(^  oblong  or  spatulate,  lacini- 

Gaillardia.  . 

ate-pmnatmd  or  entire,   mostly 

obtuse,  2-5  inches  long;  upper  leaves  sessile, 
lanceolate  or  oblong,  entire  or  dentate,  rare- 
ly pinnatifid.  Heads  1^—4  inches  broad, 
long  peduncled;  bracts  of  the  involucre, 
spreading,  lanceolate,  acuminate,  rough- 
hairy,  rays  10-18,  bright  yellow,  wedge- 
shaped,  deeply  3-lobed;  disc  reddish-purple. 

One  of  the  most  showy  of  the  midsummer 
plants,  in  the  lower  valleys  of  the  Rockies, 
in  dry  ground  and  on  slopes,  -especially  in 
the  Bow  Valley  at  Banff  and  in  the  open 
country  around  Golden. 


304  Carduaceae 

Somewhat    hairy,    stem    simple 
Arnica 
cordifolia         or  sparingly  branched,   1-2  feet 

Hook  high.     Leaves  hairy,   the  basal 

Heart-  ovate    or    orbicular,    obtuse    or 

leaved  acute,  deeply  cordate  at  the  base, 

dentate,  1-3  inches  long  with 
slender  sometimes  margined  petioles;  stem 
leaves  in  1-3  pairs,  ovate  or  oblong,  sessile 
or  short- petioled,  much  smaller.  Heads 
1-8,  2-3  inches  broad,  bracts  of  the  involucre, 
acute  or  acuminate,  J-f  of  an  inch  long; 
rays  12-16,  deep  yellow,  an  inch  or  more 
long,  toothed  at  the  apex;  pappus  white. 

In  woods  and  thickets  at  the  lower  altitudes 
throughout  the  Rockies;  flowering  in  June. 

Smooth,  slender  and  branched 
Arnica 

gracilis  6-12  inches  high.     Leaves  with 

Rydb.  short   glandular   hairs   on   both 

surfaces    or  smooth,   the   basal 

broadly  ovate,  petioled,  dentate, 

3-ribbed;  stem-leaves  about  2  pairs,  similar, 

the  upper  sessile.     Heads  several  on  slender 

glandular  peduncles,  disc  \  an  inch  or  less 


a  Arnica  cordifolia    (Hook.)      Heart-Leaved  Arnica. 
6   Arnica   louiseana   Farr.     Pale-Flowered   Arnica.     (3/r   Nat.) 


Carduacese  305 

high;  involucral  bracts,  12-15,  lanceolate, 
acuminate,  glandular-hairy  as  are  also  the 
seeds ;  pappus  white ;  rays  about  f  of  an  inch 
long,  narrow,  bright  yellow  with  a  single 
notch  at  the  apex. 

On  alpine  slopes  throughout  the  Rockies ; 
flowering  in  July,  not  common. 

Minutely  hairy  or  nearly  smooth, 
Arnica  lati- 

folia  Bong  simple  or  branched.  Leaves 
Broad-  thin,  nearly  smooth,  or  with 

leaved  long  scattered  hairs;  the  lower 

Arnica.  1 

cordate ;  stem  leaves  in  2-3  pairs, 

e'qual,  ovate  or  oval,  sharply  dentate,  closely 
sessile  by  the  broad  base,  or  the  lowest  with 
contracted  bases.  Heads  }  of  an  inch  high 
on  long,  slender,  hairy  peduncles ;  involucral 
bracts  \  an  inch  or  more  long;  oblong-lan- 
ceolate, acuminate,  with  scattered  hairs,  rays 
yellow,  }  of  an  inch  long,  with  2  notches  at  the 
apex;  achenes  nearly  smooth;  pappus  white. 
Throughout  the  region  in  woods  and  open 
ground  usually  at  an  elevation  of  5000  to 
7000  feet;  flowering  during  July. 


306  Carduaceae 

From  lightly  hairy  to   densely 
Arnica 

Chamissonis  so  or  nearly  smooth,  1-2  feet 
Less.  high.  Leaves  rather  thin,  hairy, 

Chamisso's  oblong  to  oblong-lanceolate,  den- 
Armca.  ^Q  Qr  denticulate,  acute  or 

obtuse,  lowest  tapering  into  a  margined 
petiole,  upper  broad  at  the  base  and  some- 
what clasping.  Heads  J  an  inch  or  more 
high,  single  or  several  on  hairy  peduncles; 
involucral  bracts  J  of  an  inch  or  more  long, 
oblong-lanceolate,  acuminate,  glandular- 
hairy;  ra}is  bright  yellow,  J  an  inch  or  more 
long  with  a  single  notch  at  the  apex,  rather 
broad;  achenes  with  a  few  scattered  hairs; 
pappus  tawny. 

On  the  borders  of  streams  and  wet  places 
at  the  lower  altitudes  throughout  the  region ; 
flowering  in  July. 

Slender,  hairy,  3-8  inches  high. 
Arnica 
louiseana         Leaves    in    about    3    pairs,    the 

Farr.  two  lowest  at  the  base  of  the 

Pale-flow-  stem,  iJ-2  inches  long,  elliptical 
ered  Arnica.  QJ,  o]DOvate)  entire  or  denticulate, 
glandular-hairy  on  both  surfaces,  as  are  the 


Carduaceae  307 

margins.  Heads  of  flowers,  1-3,  nearly  half 
an  inch  broad,  on  long,  slender,  nodding,  hairy 
peduncles;  rays  8-10,  light  yellow,  about  J  an 
inch  long;  involucre  J  of  an  inch  high,  cam- 
panulate,  densely  glandular-hairy  at  the  base, 
brownish-purple,  the  bracts  lanceolate,  acute, 
with  scattered  white  hairs ;  pappus  white. 

Among  loose  stones  at  the  base  of  Mt. 
Fairview  at  Lake  Louise;  flowering  in  July. 

Glandular-hairy  throughout,  8- 
fulgens  I2  mcnes  high.  Leaves  oblong 

Pursh.  lanceolate  to  lanceolate,   acute, 

Alpine  the  lower  denticulate  and  peti- 

oled,  the  upper  sessile  and  entire. 
Heads  of  flowers  several  on  long,  slender, 
glandular-hairy  peduncles;  involucres  cam- 
panulate,  J  an  inch  high,  bracts  lanceolate 
acute,  glandular  and  with  long  white  hairs; 
rays  bright  yellow  j-i  inch  long,  J  of  an  inch 
wide,  twice  notched  at  the  apex;  achenes 
hairy;  pappus  white. 

On  stony  alpine  slopes  at  the  higher  altitudes 
throughout  the  Rockies;  flowering  in  July. 


3o8 


Carduaceae 


Arnica 

eradiata 

(A.  Gray.) 

Heller. 

Rayless 

Arnica. 


Densely  soft -hairy  throughout ; 
simple  or  branched,  12-18  inches 
high.  Leaves  oblong,  ovate- 
lanceolate  or  the  upper  ones 
lanceolate,  obtuse  or  acute,  en- 
tire or  sharply  denticulate,  1-3 
inches  long.  Heads  of  flowers  on  short,  hairy 
peduncles,  without  rays;  involucre  \  an  inch 
high,  bracts  lanceolate,  acute ;  achenes  black, 
smooth  or  nearly  so;  pappus  tawny. 

On  grassy  alpine  slopes  through  the  Rockies 
at  the  higher  elevations;  flowering  in  July. 


Senecio 
pseudaureus 

Rydb. 
Western 
Golden 
Ragwort 


Smooth  from  a  creeping  root- 
stock,  1-2  feet  high.  Leaves 
smooth,  basal  broadly  ovate, 
somewhat  cordate,  serrate,  i-J— 3 
inches  long,  long-petioled ;  stem 
leaves  more  or  less  laciniate  at 
the  base,  the  upper  sessile.  Heads  of  flowers 
J  of  an  inch  high  in  a  flat-topped  corymb, 
rays  bright  orange-yellow,  J  of  an  inch  long. 
In  moist  ground  and  borders  of  woods 
and  slopes  throughout  the  Rockies  at  the 


Carduaceae  309 

lower  altitudes;  flowering  during  June  and 
early  July. 


Smooth    except    for    the    small 
Senecio 
discoideus        tufts  of  wool  in  the  axils  of  the 

(Hook.)  lower  leaves;  stem  rather  stout; 

Britton.  j-2  feet  tall.     Basal  leaves  oval 

Northern 


QT  Qvai^  thin>  sharply  dentate, 

Squaw-root 

abruptly  narrowed  into  petioles 
longer  than  the  blade  ;  stem  leaves  few,  small, 
more  or  less  irregularly  cut.  Heads  few  or 
numerous,  corymbose  ;  bracts  of  the  involucre 
narrowly  linear,  nearly  J  an  inch  high  ;  rays 
very  short  or  wanting;  achenes  smooth. 

Frequent  throughout  the  Rockies  on  river 
shores  and  borders  of  woods  and  thickets; 
flowering  in  July. 

Light  or  yellowish-green,  slender, 
Senecio  . 

flavovirens       wo°Uy  m  tufts  at  the  base  of  the 

Rydb.  leaves  or  smooth  in  age;  stem 

Western  12-18  inches  high,  striate,  pale. 

Balsam  Leaves  1-3  inches  long,  at  the 

Groundsel. 

base  obovate  or  broadly  oval, 
generally  tapering  into  the  petiole  but  some- 


3io  Carduaceae 

times  truncate  at  the  base,  obtuse,  crenate 
or  sinuate,  light  green;  lower  stem-leaves 
lanceolate  in  outline  and  petioled,  the  upper 
lanceolate  or  linear  and  sessile,  deeply 
pinnatifid  with  narrow  oblong  or  linear  seg- 
ments, cymes  contracted,  corymbose.  Heads 
J  of  an  inch  or  more  high;  bracts  linear, 
acute,  yellowish-green  and  occasionally  with 
brownish  tips;  rays  pale  yellow,  J  an  inch 
long,  4-nerved  or  often  lacking. 

In  the  lower  valleys  of  the  Rockies,  on  the 
borders  of  woods,  thickets,  and  marshes; 
flowering  in  July. 

Senecio  Permanently  silvery-hairy  with 

canusHook.  felted  hairs;  stems  several,  6-12 
Silvery  inches  high  from  a  woody  base. 

Leaves  sometimes  all  undivided, 
the  radicle  and  lower  from  spatulate  to 
oblong  or  roundish-oval,  J-iJ  inches  long, 
slender-petioled,  sometimes  laciniate-toothed, 
or  pinnatifid.  Heads  of  flowers  few  and  ter- 
minal, J  to  nearly  half  an  inch  high ;  rays 
yellow,  nearly  J  an  inch  long. 


Carduaceae  311 

In  stony  dry  ground  and  slopes  throughout 
the  Rockies  at  the  lower  altitudes;  flowering 
in  June. 

More  or  less  woolly  when  young, 

Senecio 

lugens  soon   smo°th;   stem   stout,    1-3 

Richards.  feet  high.  Basal  and  lower 
Black-tipped  leaves  oblong  or  oval,  obtuse  or 
Groundsel.  acute?  denticulate  or  dentate,  2-5 
inches  long,  J—  ij  inches  wide,  narrowed  into 
margined  petioles;  upper  leaves  few,  sessile, 
small  and  bract-like.  Heads  of  flowers  sev- 
eral or  numerous,  corymbose,  often  short  - 
peduncled,  J  to  nearly  an  inch  broad; 
involucre  campanulate,  J—  J  of  an  inch 
high,  its  bracts  lanceolate  to  oblong-lance- 
olate, acute,  green  with  conspicuous  black 
tips;  rays  10-12,  bright  yellow,  J  an  inch  long. 
In  moist  soil  at  the  lower  altitudes  through- 
out the  Rockies;  flowering  in  June. 

Senecio  Rather  stout,    simple,    2-5    feet 

triangularis      hi  ,        Leaves    thin,    all    more 
Hook. 

or  *ess      etlo^e(^    an(^    dentate, 


Giant 

Ragwort.          deltoid-lanceolate  or  the    lower 


312  Carduaceae 

triangular-hastate  or  deltoid-cordate,  the 
uppermost  lanceolate,  with  cuneate  base. 
Heads  of  flowers  about  J  an  inch  high, 
numerous  in  a  flat  open  cyme;  involucre 
campanulate;  rays  8-12,  bright  yellow,  ob- 
long-linear, J-J  of  an  inch  long. 

In  wet  ground  and  along  the  borders  of 
streams  and  wet  slopes  at  5000  to  6000  feet 
elevation  throughout  the  Rockies ;  at  much 
lower  altitudes  in  the  Selkirks  where  it  is 
a  very  abundant  plant ;  flowering  in  June  and 
early  July. 

Scape  slender  and  scaly,  6-24 
inches  high.  Leaves  nearly  or- 
bicular in  outline,  3-12  inches 

(Alt.) 

A.  Gray.  broad,  deeply  y-n-cleft  to  much 
Palmate-  beyond  the  middle,  green  and 

leaved  smooth    above,    densely   white  - 

Coltsfoot.  .  1  « 

woolly  beneath,    at    least  when 

young;  the  lobes  oblong  to  obovate-acute, 
often  somewhat  wedge-shaped,  sharply  den- 
tate or  cut.  Heads  mostly  dioecious,  nu- 
merous, corymbose,  J— £  an  inch  broad; 


Carduaceae  313 

flowers  usually  white,  fragrant,  the  marginal 
ones  of  the  pistillate  heads  with  narrow  pink- 
ish or  white  rays  about  J  of  an  inch  long  ;  cot- 
tony in  fruit. 

In  wet  places  and  along  streams  at  the 
lower  altitudes  throughout  the  Rockies; 
flowering  in  May  and  early  June  before  the 
leaves  appear. 


Scape  slender  and  scaly,  6-12  in- 

sagittata 


Petasites          ches  high     Leaves  deltoid-ovate 


(Pursh  )  or     remf°rm-°vate,     persistent- 

A.  Gray.  ly  white-tomentose  beneath; 
Arrow-  smooth  or  nearly  so  above 

leaved  ^_IO  ^£^5  long,  thin,  margins 

Coltsfoot.  .    , 

sinuate-dentate,     not    cleft     or 

lobed.  Heads  dioecious,  loosely  corymbose, 
involucre  campanulate,  J  of  an  inch  high; 
flowers  nearly  white,  the  marginal  ones  of 
the  pistillate  heads  with  white  rays. 

In  similar  situations  to  the  preceding;  in 
wet  places  and  along  streams  at  the  lower 
altitudes  throughout  the  Rockies;  readily 
distinguished  by  the  shape  of  its  leaves; 
flowering  in  May  and  early  June. 


314  Carduaceae 

Petasites  Scape  very  scaly,  3-10  inches 
frigida  (L.)  high.  Leaves  thin,  hastate-reni- 
Fries.  form  to  triangular-ovate,  1-4 

inches  long,  irregularly  and  an- 
gulately  lobed  and  incised, 
smooth  and  green  above,  persistently  white- 
woolly  beneath,  the  lobes  entire  or  few- 
toothed.  Heads  usually  few,  \  an  inch  or 
more  high  in  a  capitate  corymb;  involucre 
short,  campanulate ;  flowers  nearly  white  and 
fragrant,  the  marginal  ones  of  the  pistillate 
heads  with  white  or  pinkish  rays  }  of  an  inch 
or  more  long. 

In  shaded  wet  places  and  along  alpine 
brooks  at  the  high  altitudes  throughout  the 
region;  flowering  during  June  and  July  with 
the  expanding  leaves. 


Achillea  Woolly  throughout ;  stems  simple , 

lanulosa  6  inches  to  2  feet  high.     Leaves 

Nutt.  narrowly  oblong  in  outline,  bi- 

Y 'arrow.  pmnately  dissected  into  numer- 

ous small  linear  divisions.    Heads  numerous, 
crowded    into    a    rather    contracted    cyme; 


Carduaceae  315 

involucre  oblong,  nearly  J  of  an  inch  high; 
bracts  lanceolate,  green  with  brown  trans- 
lucent borders;  rays  4-5,  white,  broadly 
obovate,  notched  and  spreading,  about  the 
length  of  the  involucre. 

Open  ground,  slopes  and  meadows  through- 
out the  region  ;  flowering  during  July. 

Smooth,   simple,    1-3  feet  high, 

Chrysan-         often  tufted,  the  branches  nearly 

erect.    Leaves  smooth,  the  basal 

leucan- 

themum  L.      oblong    or    spatulate,     coarsely 

Ox-eye  dentate    or    incised,     narrowed 


Daisy.  jn^o  long,  slender  petioles  ;  stem- 

leaves  mostlv  sessile   or  partly 

Daisy. 

clasping,  1-3  inches  long,  linear, 
pinnately-incised  or  toothed,  the  uppermost 
small,  nearly  entire.  Heads  few  or  solitary, 
1-2  inches  broad  on  long  naked  peduncles, 
rays  20-30,  white  and  spreading;  disc  flat, 
bright  yellow,  bracts  of  the  involucre  lanceo- 
late or  obtuse,  smooth  with  translucent 
margins. 

In   open   ground   throughout  the   region; 
flowering  during  July. 


3J6  Carduaceae 

Artemi  i  Simple  or  branching,  silky-hairy 

frigida  anc^    silvery   throughout;    stems 

Willd.  numerous  and  spreading,  about 

Pasture  a    foot    fogj^      Leaves    mainly 

Wormwood.  .  ,    +       -.    .  1     .,   .    J      .. 

I .  twice  ternately  divided  into  lin- 

ear crowded  lobes.  Heads  globular,  about  J 
of  an  inch  in  diameter,  numerous,  in  more  or 
less  racemose  heads ;  involucre  pale,  greenish- 

^XJ        '& 

yellow,  woolly ;  bracts  narrow  and  herbaceous. 
In  open  dry  ground  and  on  banks  through- 
out   the    Rockies    at   the    lower    altitudes; 
flowering  in  July. 


A  .  .  Stems  slender,  9-12  inches  high, 
discolor  spreading  from  a  woody  base. 

Dougl.  Leaves    pinnately    parted    into 

Green  narrow,  linear  or  lanceolate,  en- 

Wormwood.          .  . 

tire   or  spreading  cut   divisions 

and  lobes,  white  beneath  with  cottony  hairs, 
green  and  nearly  smooth  above.  Heads  J 
of  an  inch  high,  numerous  in  a  wand-like 
panicle ;  involucre  hemispherical-campanu- 
late,  greenish  and  smooth  or  nearly  so, 
20-30  flowered. 


Carduacese  3 1 7 

On  Rocky   slopes  throughout  the  region; 
flowering  in  June  or  July. 

Densely  white-woolly ;  stem  sim- 

Antennaria  T 

pie,  2-6  inches  high.  Lower 
lanata 

(Hook.)  leaves  spatulate-lanceolate,  i-ij 

Greene.  inches    long,    the    upper    linear 

Alpine  with    conspicuous    papery    tips. 

Everlasting. 

Heads  several  in  a  close  cluster 
at  the  end  of  the  stem,  \  an  inch  high;  in- 
volucre nearly  \  of  an  inch  high,  conspicu- 
ously woolly  at  the  base,  the  inner  bracts 
with  conspicuous  white  tips,  the  outer  straw- 
colour  or  greenish. 

An  alpine  plant  in  meadows  and  on  slopes 
from  7000  feet  up ;  flowering  during  July. 

White- woolly   throughout,   stem 

Antennaria  simple,  6- 1 8  inches  high.    Leaves 

pulcherrima  tulate  to  ianceolate  or  linear, 
(Hook.) 

Greene.  x~4  incnes  l°ng>  acute,   nerved. 

Tall  Alpine  Heads  numerous  in  a  close  capi- 

Everlasting.  tate  cluster,  £-1  inch  high,  outer 

bracts    of  the     involucre    straw-colour    or 


318  Carduaceae 

greenish,  rounded  and  often  notched  at  the 
apex;  inner  ones  nearly  white. 

In  moist  open  ground  in  the  Rockies  at 
the  lower  elevations;  flowering  in  July. 

Antennaria  Lightly  woolly ,  becoming  smooth, 
racemose  stems  6-20  inches  high,  slender, 
Hook.  sparsely  leafy.  Leaves  thin, 

Whit*mEver-  the  radicle  broadly  oval,  an 
lasting.  . 

inch    or    two    long,     obscurely 

3-nerved  at  the  base,  rather  veiny,  the  lower 
stem  leaves  oblong,  the  upper  smaller  and 
lanceolate.  Heads  of  flowers  about  \  of 
an  inch  high,  all  on  slender  peduncles  in 
a  loose  raceme,  involucral  bracts,  thin  and 
translucent,  greenish-yellow  or  brownish. 

On  shaded  slopes  throughout  the  Rockies, 
at  the  higher  altitudes;  flowering  in  June. 

More  or  less  woolly;  stem  6-10 
Antennaria 

Howellii  inches  high.    Leaves  rather  thin, 

Greene.  the  lower  spatulate,  acute,   1-2 

HowelVs  inches  long,  green  above,  woolly 

lng'  beneath;  stem  leaves  lanceolate, 

clasping,  i    inch    long,    becoming    smaller 


Carduaceae  319 

toward  the  summit.  Heads  in  a  compact 
capitate  cluster,  J  an  inch  or  more  in  di- 
ameter, woolly  at  the  base ;  involucral  bracts 
very  narrow,  acute,  thin,  and  translucent, 
straw-colour,  the  outer  ones  densely  woolly 
and  occasionally  rosy. 

In  dry  ground  and  on  slopes,  frequent  in 
the  Rockies  at  the  lower  altitudes. 

Plant  silvery  throughout,  freely 

Antennana 

parvifolia         spreading;  stems  prostrate  and 

Nutt.  leafy,     forming    mats    of    con- 

Mountam  siderable  extent ;  flowering  stems 
2-8  inches  high.  Leaves  from 
obovate  to  spatulate,  J  an  inch  or  less  long 
persistently  white-woolly.  Heads  in  compact 
terminal  clusters  about  J  of  an  inch  broad; 
involucral  bracts,  lanceolate,  obtuse,  thin 
and  translucent,  yellowish. 

In  dry  sterile  ground  at  the  lower  alti- 
tudes throughout  the  Rockies;  flowering  in 
June,  frequently  growing  with  the  next 
species  which  it  closely  resembles  in  man- 
ner of  growth. 


320  Carduaceae 

Silvery  throughout,  stems  pros- 
Antennaria  . 

trate  and  leafy,   forming  broad 

Eaton)  mats;      flowering      stems     6-15 

Greene.  inches  high.     Leaves  very  thin 

Pink  Ever-  jn  texture,  densely  hairy,  lan- 
ceolate to  linear,  ^-i^  inches 
long,  acute.  Heads  small,  closely  compacted 
into  a  rounded  terminal  cluster,  \  an  inch  or 
more  in  diameter;  involucral  bracts  in  2 
series,  lanceolate,  the  outer  greenish  and 
woolly,  the  inner  from  pink  to  bright  rose- 
colour. 

In  dry  sterile  or  moist  open  ground  through- 
out the  Rockies  up  to  an  elevation  of  6,000 
feet;  flowering  in  June  and  July. 

A  foot  or  two  high  in  tufts,  very 

leafy,  the  white  tufts  of  woolly 
subalpma 

(A.  Gray)        hairs    rarely   becoming    tawny. 
Rydb.  Leaves  2-5  inches  long,  broadly 

Pearly^  lanceolate,    green  above,  white  - 

Everlasting.  n      i  ,-.  TT      j 

woolly  beneath.  Heads  numer- 
ous, J  of  an  inch  high  in  a  contracted  corymb ; 
involucral  bracts  numerous,  ovate-lanceo- 
late, pearly  white,  spreading  in  age. 


Carduaceae  321 

Abundant  throughout  the  region  in  dry  or 
moist  ground  and  on  slopes  up  to  an  altitude 
of  7000  feet;  flowering  in  June  and  July. 

~    .  Stems  1 8  inches  to  4  feet  tall, 

Carduus 

Kelseyi  striate,  more  or  less  cobwebby- 

Rybd.  woolly.    Leaves  linear,  sinuately 

Whlte  toothed  and  fringed,  with  rather 

Thistle.  . 

weak  spines,  green  above,  cot- 
tony beneath.  Heads  several  in  a  leafy 
spike,  i-ij  inches  high,  subtended  by  linear, 
cut  and  bristly-fringed  and  cobwebby-hairy 
leaves;  bracts  rather  unequal,  lanceolate, 
a  few  of  the  outermost  with  weak  spines, 
the  rest  unarmed  but  with  a  long  slender 
tip;  corolla  cream-colour. 

Open  ground  and  on  slopes  at  the  lower  alti- 
tudes throughout  the  Rockies;  flowering  in 

July. 

Persistently  white  tomentose,  i- 
Carduus 
undulatus         3  feet  high,  branching.     Leaves 

Nutt.  rarely  pinnately  parted,  moder- 

Wavy-  ately  prickly.     Heads  of  flowers 

Uaved  about    ij    inches   high,    usually 

Thistle. 

solitary    at    the    ends    of    the 


322  Carduaceae 

branches;  principal  bracts  of  the  involucre 
mostly  thickened  on  the  back  by  the  broader 
glandular-sticky  ridge,  comparatively  small 
and  narrow,  tipped  with  a  short  spreading 
prickle ;  corollas  rose-colour  or  pale  purple. 

In  open  grounds  throughout  the  Rockies  at 
the  lower  altitudes;  flowering  during  July 
and  August. 

Saussurea  Nearly  smooth,  with  a  decum- 
densaHook.  bent  base;  3-12  inches  high. 
Saussurea.  Leaves  thin,  oblong-lanceolate, 
acuminate,  sinuate-dentate,  or  entire.  Heads 
of  flowers  several  in  a  compact  terminal 
corymb,  involucre  campanulate,  \  an  inch 
high;  bracts  lanceolate,  acuminate,  nearly 
equal;  corolla  purple  or  violet-blue. 

On  stony  slopes  or  on  the  moraines  at  the 
higher  altitu'des  throughout  the  Rockies,  not 
common,  but  freqeunt  in  the  region  around 
Lake  Louise;  flowering  during  July. 


INDEX 


Abies,  24 

lasiocarpa,  27 
Aceraceae,  185 
Acer  glabrum,  185 
Achillea,  285 

lanulosa,  314 
Actaea,  91 

arguta,  108 

eburnea,  109 

Adder 's-Tongue  Family,  i 
Adiantum,  3 

pedatum,  6 
Agoseris,  276 

aurantiaca,  277 

glauca,  276 

graciliens,  277 

Large-flowered,  276 

Orange-flowered,  277 

Slender,  277 

Alder,  Slender-leaved,  72 
Alexanders,  Heart-leaved,  203 
Allium,  42 

recurvatum,  42 

sibericum,  43 
Alnus  tenuifolia,  72 
Alsine,  82 

borealis,  86 

laeta,  86 

longipes,  85 
Alum-root, 

Smooth,  134 

Round-leaved,  135 
Amelanchier  alnifolia,  166 

323 


324  Index 


Anaphalis,  285 

subalpina,  320 
Androsace,  226 
carinata,  228 
diffusa,    229 
septentrionalis,  229 
Alpine,  229 
Spreading,  229 
Sweet-flowered,  228 
Anemone,  91 

Drummondii,  93 
globosa,  93 
parviflora,  92 
Alpine,  93 
Northern,  92 
Western,  95 
Antennaria,  285 
Howellii,  318 
lanata,  317 
parvifolia,  319 
pulcherrima,  317 
racemosa,  318 
rosea,  320 
Antiphylla,  130 

oppositifolia,  146 
APIACE.E,  201 
APOCYNACE^;,  237 
Apocynum,  androsaemifolium,  237 
Apple  Family,  165 
Aquilegia,  91 

brevistyla,  105 
flavescens,  106 
formosa,  106 
Arabis,  112 

Drummondii,  120 
hirsuta,  119 
Holboldii,  119 
Lyallii,.  120 
ARACE^E,  35 
Aragallus,  168 
deflexus,  176 
inflatus,  176 
Lamberti,  174 
monticola,  173 


Index  325 


Aragallus — Continued 

splendens,  175 

viscidulus,  175 
ARALIACE^,  199 
Aralia  nudicaulis,  199 
Arctostaphylos,  212 

uva-ursi,  214 
Arenaria,  82 

capillaris  nardifolia,  88 

sajanensis,  89 

verna  equicaulis,  89 
Argentina,  151 

anserina,  159 
Arnica,  285 

Chamissonis,  306 

cordifolia,  304 

eradiata,  308 

fulgens,  307 

gracilis,  304 

latifolia,  305 

louiseana,  306 

Alpine,  307 

Broad-leaved,  305 

Chamisso's  306 

Heart-leaved,  304 

Pale-flowered,  306 

Rayless,  308 

Slender,  304 
Artemisia,  285 

discolor,  316 

frigida,  316 
Arum  Family,  35 
Aruncus,  150 

Aruncus,  153 
Aspen,  American,  69 
Asphodel, 

False,  40 

Scottish,  40 

Western  False,  41 
Asplenium,  4 

Filix-foemina,  9 

viride,  9 
Aster,  285 

ciliomarginatus,  298 


326  Index 

Aster — Continued 

conspicuus,  296 

frondeus,  299 

Lindleyanus,  298 

major,  297 

Richardsonii,  296 

Engelmann's,  300 

Great  Northern,  297 

Hispid  Golden,  286 

Large  Purple,  296 

Leafy-bracted,  299 

Lindley's,  298 

Richardson's,  296 
Astragalus,  168 

adsurgens,  169 

alpinus,  170 

convallarius,  171 

hypoglottis,  169 

Macouni,  171 
Atragene,  90 

columbiana,  91 
Avens, 

Drummond's  Mountain,  164 

Large-leaved,  162 

Purple-plumed,  163 

White  Mountain,  163 

Yellow,  162 
Azaleastrum,  212 

albiflorum,  218 


B 


Baneberry, 

Western  Red,  108 

Western  White,  109 
Barberry  Family,  109 
Batrachium,  91 

trichophyllum,  97 
Bearberry,  214 

Alpine,  214 
Beard- tongue, 

Blue,  251 

Large  Purple,  249 

Yellow,  250 


Index  327 


Bed-straw,  Northern,  263 
Bell-flower  Family,  273 

BERBERIDACEyE,    IOQ 

Berberis  aquifolium,  no 
Betony,  Wood,  261 
Betula, 

glandulosa,  71 

occidentalis,  71 

papyrifera,  70 
BETULACE^,  70 
Bilberry, 

Alpine,  222 

Dwarf,  221 

Thin-leaved,  223 
Birch, 

Canoe,  70 

Family,  70 

Paper,  70 

Scrub,  71 

Western  Red,  71 
Bishop's  Cap,  Naked,  132 
Bistort,  Alpine,  78 
Black-eyed  Susan,  201 
Bladder-pod,  Double,  117 
Bladderwort  Family,  262 
Bluebell,  274 
Blueberry,  222 
Blue-eyed  Grass,   53 
Borage  Family,  240 

BORAGINACE^E,   240 

Botrychium, 

lunaria,  i 

simplex,  2 

virginianium,  2 
Bracken,  6 
Brake, 

American  Rock,  7 

Slender  Cliff,  8 
BRASSICACEJE,  in 
•Braya,  112 

humilis,  123 

Brooklime,  American,  252 
Buckbean,  236 

Family,  236 


328  Index 

Buckwheat  Family,  75 
Buffalo-berry,  Canadian,  192 
Bunch-berry,  205 
Bunch-flower  Family,  36 
Buttercup, 

Low,  1 02 

Meadow,  103 

Northern,  99 

Pursh's,  98 

Snow,  100 
Butterwort,  262 


Caltha,  91 

leptosepala,  104 
Calypso,  57 
Campanula, 

rotundifolia,  274 

uniflora,  273 
CAMPANULACE.-E,  273 
Campion,  Moss,  82 
Capnodes  aurea,  1 1 1 
CAPRIFOLIACE^E,  264 
Cardamine,  112 

pennsylvanica,  118 
CARDUACE.E,  383 
Carduus,  285 

Kelseyi,  321 

undulatus,  321 
CAROPHYLLACE^E,  81 
Cassiope,  212 

Mertensiana,  215 
Castilleja,  248 

lanceifolia,  258 

miniata,  258 

pallida,  257 

purpurascens,  256 
Catchfly,  Lyall's,  83 
Cedar, 

Giant,  33 

Shrubby  Red,  33 
CELASTRACE^E,  184 
Celery  Family,  201 


Index  329 


Cerastium,  82 

arvense  strictum,  84 

behringianum ,  85 
Chamaenerion,  193 

angustifolium,  194 

latifolium,  194 
Cheilanthes,  4 

Feei,  8 

Cherry,  Western  Wild,  167 
Chickweed, 

Alpine,  85 

Field,  84 

Chicory  Family,  275 
Chimaphila,  207 

umbellata,  211 
Chiogenes,  221 

hispidula,  224 

Christmas-green,  Trailing,  20 
Chrysanthemum,  285 

leucanthemum,  315 
Chrysopsis  hispida,  286 
Chrysosplenum,  129 

tetrandum,  130 
CICHORIACE.E,  275 
Cinquefoil, 

Alpine,  161 

Cut-leaved,  160 

Marsh,  159 

Shrubby, 157 

Snowy,  160 
Circasa,  193 

alpina,  197 

pacifica,  198 
Claytonia, 

lanceolata,  80 

parviflora,  81 
Clintonia,  46 

uniflora,  46 
Club-moss, 

Alpine,  21 

Arctic,  20 

Family,  18 

Fir,  18 

Stiff,  19 


33°  Index 

Coeloglossum,  55 

bracteatum,  63 
Collinsia,  248 

parviflora,  249 

Small,  249 
Coltsfoot, 

Arctic,  314 

Arrow-leaved,  213 

Palmate-leaved,  312 
Columbine, 

Small  Blue,  105 

Western,  106 

Yellow,  1 06 
Comandra, 

livida,     74 

pallida,  74 

Northern,  74 

Pale,  74 
Comarum,  151 

palustre,  159 

CONVALLARIACE^E,   45 

Coral-root, 

Early,  56 

Large,  57 
Corallorhiza,  54 

Corallorhiza,  56 

multiflora,  57 
CORNACE.E,  205 
Cornus, 

canadensis  intermedia,  205 

stolonifera,  206 
Corydalis,  Golden,  in 
Cranberry, 

Mountain,  224 

Small,  225 

Tree,  Few-flowered,  266 
CRASSULACE^E,  125 
Crepis,  276 

elegans,  281 

nana,  280 
Cress, 

Drummond's  Rock,  120 

Hairy  Rock,  119 

Lyall's  Rock,  120 


Index  33 T 


Cress — Continued 

Northern  Rock,  123 

Pennsylvania  Bitter,  118 

Penny,  117 

Stony  Rock,  119 

Water,  124 
Crowberry, 

Black,  183 

Family,  183 
Crowfoot, 

Creeping,  103 

Ditch,  99 

Family,  90 

White  Water,  97 
Cryptogramma,  4 

acrostichoides,  7 

Stelleri,  8 

Currant,  Howell's,  149 
Cypripedium,  54 

parviflorum,  55 

passerinum,  55 
Cytherea,  54 

bulbosa,  57 


Daisy, 

Ox-eye,  315 

White,  315 

Yellow,  301 
Dandelion,  278 

Mountain,  278 
Dasyphora,  151 

fruticosa,  157 
Delphinium,  91 

Brownii,  107 

Menziesii,  108 
Devil's  Club,  200 
Disporum,  46,  51 

Large-flowered,  52 

majus,  52 

oreganum,  51 
Dock, 

Pale-leaved,  77 

Sour,  77 


332  Index 

Dodecatheon,  226 

conjugens,  231 

pauciflorum,  230 
Dogbane, 

Family,  137 

Spreading,  237 
Dogwood,  , 

Family,   205 

Red-stemmed,  206 
Draba,  112 

andina,  114 

aurea,  115 

glacialis,  112 

incana,  116 

lonchocarpa,  115 

nivalis,  114 

oligosperma,  113 
DRUPACE^:,  167 
Dryas,  151 

Drummondii,  164 

octopetala,  163 
Dryopteris,  4 

Filix-mas,  n 

oreopteris,  12 

spinulosa  dilatata,    n 


Echinopanax  horridum,  200 

EL^EAGNACE^;,  191 

Elaeagnus,  191 
argentea,  101 

Elder, 

Black-berried,  265 
Red-berried,  264 

Elephantella,  248 

groenlandica,  260 
Long-beaked,  260 

EMPETRACE.E,  183 

Empetrum  nigrum,  183 

Epilobium,  193 
alpinum,  196 


Index  333 


Epilobium — Continued 
anagallidifolium,  196 
Hornemanni,  197 
luteum,  195 
EQUISETACE^,  14 
Equisetum, 

arvense,  15 
fluviatile,  16 
hyemale,  16 
scirpoides,  17 
sylvaticum,  15 
variegatum,  17 
Variegated,  17 
ERICACE,^  211 
Erigeron,  284 
acris,  294 
asper,  290 
aureus,  292 
caespitosus,  291 
drobrachiensis,  294 
melanocephalus,  293 
multifidus,  291 
philadelphicus,  295 
salsuginosus,  289 
simplex,  289 
Eriogonum,  76 

ochroleucum,  79 
subalpinum,  78 
Tall  White,  78 
Yellowish  White,  79 
Erysimum,  112 

inconspicuum,  121 
Erythronium, 

grandiflorum, 
Bucephalus,  285 

Engelmanni,  300 
Everlasting, 

Alpine,  317 
Howell's,  318 
Mountain,  319 
Pearly,  320 
Pink,  320 
Tall  Alpine,  317 
White,  318 


334  Index 


Fern, 

Beech,  Long,  5 
Beech,  Western,  4 
Brittle,  13 
Family,  3 
Grape,  Virginia,  2 
Holly,  10 
Lady,  9 
Lip,  Hairy,  8 
Maidenhair,  6 
Male,  ii 
Oak,  5 

Shield,  Spinulose,  u 
Figwort  Family,  248 
Filix,  4 

fragilis,  13 
montana,  14 
Fir, 

Balsam,  27 
Red,  28 
Sub-alpine,  27 
Fireweed,  104 
Flax, 

Family,  182 
Lewis's  Wild,  182 
Fleabane, 

Arctic,  289 
Black- woolly,  293 
Blue,  294 
Daisy,  291 
Golden,  292 
Large  Purple,  289 
Philadelphia,  295 
Rough,  290 
Tufted,  291 
Foam  Flower,  136 
Forget-me-not,  243 
False,  241,  242 
Fragaria,  151 
glauca,  158 

Gaillardia,  285 
aristata,  303 


Index  335 


Gaillardia — Continued 

Great-flowered,  303 
Galium  boreale,  263 
Garlic,  42 

Northern,  43 
Gaultheria,  212 

humifusa,  213 

ovatifolia,  213 
Gentian, 

Dwarf,  233 

Family,  231 

Four-parted,  233 

Glaucous,  234 

Large,  234 

Northern,  232 

Spurred,  235 
Gentiana,  232 

acuta,  232 

affinis,  234 

glauca,  234 

propinqua,  233 

prostrata,  233 
GENTIAN ACE--E,  231 
Geum,  151 

macrophyllum,  162 

strictum,  162 
Ginseng  Family,  199 
Globe-flower,  Western,  104 
Goat's  Beard,  153 
Golden  Rod, 

Canada,  288 

Field,  287 

Missouri,  287 

Northern,  286 
Gooseberry, 

Bristly,  148 

Family,  146 

Northern,  148 

Swamp,  147 
Grass,  Blue-eyed,  53 
Grass  of  Parnassus, 

Alpine,  128 

Family,  126 

Fringed,  126 


336  Index 


Grass  of  Parnassus — Continued 

Marsh,  127 

Small- flowered,  127 
GROSSULARIACE^E,  146 
Groundsel, 

Black-tipped,  311 

Silvery,     310 

Western  Balsam,  309 

H 

Halerpestes,  91 

Cymbalaria,  103 
Harebell,  274 

Arctic,  273 
Hawk'sbeard, 

Alpine,  280 

Many-flowered,  281 
Hawkweed, 

Hairy,  282 

Narrow-leaved,  281 

Slender,  282 

White-flowered,  283 
Heal-all,  245 
Heath, 

Family,  211 

White,  215 
Heather, 

False  Pink,  216 

False  Red,  217 

False  White,  216 
Hedysarum,  168 

americanum,  177 

Mackenzii,  178 

sulphurescens,  178 

Mackenzie's,  178 

Purple,  177 

Yellow,  178 
Helianthus,  285 

Nuttallii,  302 

scaberrimus,  301 
Heliotrope,  Wild,  272 
Hellebore,  American  White,  37 
Hemieva,  130 

ranunculifolia,  136 


Index  337 


Hemlock, 

Mountain,  30 

Western,  29 
Heracleum,  201 

lanatum,  204 
Heuchera,  129 

glabra,  134 

ovalifolia,  135 
Hieracium,  276 

albiflorum,  283 

gracile,  282 

Scouleri,  282 

umbellatum,  281 
Homalobus,  168 

aboriginorum,  173 
Honey  bloom,  237 
Honeysuckle, 

Douglas,  268 

Family,  264 

Fly,  269 

Involucred,  2  70 
Horsetail, 

Family,  14 

Field,  15 

Swamp,  1 6 

Wood,  15 

Huckleberry  Family,  221 
HYDROPHYLLACEJE,  238 
HYPERICACE.E,  168 
Hypericum  Scouleri,  186 

I 
Ibidium,  55 

romanzoffianum,  67 
IRIDACE^E,  52 
Iris  Family,  52 


June-berry,  North-western,  166 
Juniper,  Alpine,  32 
Juniperus,  24 

prostrata,  33 

siberica,  32 


Index 
K 


Kalmia,  212 

microphylla,  218 
Kruhsea,  46,  50 

streptopoides,  50 


Labrador  Tea,  220 
Lactuca,  276 

pulchella,  280 
Lady's  Slipper, 

Small  White,  55 

Small  Yellow,  55 
Lady's  Tresses,  67 
Lappula,  241 

diffusa,  242 

floribunda,  241 

lappula,  242 
Larch,  Lyall's,  26 
Larix,  24 

Lyallii,  26 
Larkspur, 

Blue,  108 

Western,  107 
Lathy  r  us,  169 

ochroleucus,  181 

palustris,  181 

Laurel,  Small-leaved  Swamp,  218 
Ledum,  212 

groenlandicum,  220 
LENTIBULARIACE^E,  262 
Lepargyraea,  191 

canadensis,  192 
Leptarrhena,  130 

pyrolifolia,  143 
Leptasea,  130 

austromontana,  145 

Van  Bruntiae,  144 
Leptotaenia,  201 

multifida,  202 

Lettuce,  Large-flowered  Blue,  280 
Ligusticum,  201 

apiifolium,  203 


Index  339 


LILIACE.E,  41 
Lily  Family,  41 

Mountain,  43 

Snow,  44 

Lily-of- the- Valley  Family,  45 
Lilium,  42 

montanum,  43 
Limnorchis,  55 

borealis,  66 

dilatatiformis,  64 

fragrans,  66 

viridiflora,  65 
LINAGES,  182 
Linnaea,   264 

americana,  266 
Linum  Lewisii,  182 
Lithophragma,  129 

parviflora,  131 
Lithospermum,  241 

linearifolium,  243 
Lobelia, 

Brook,  275 

Kalmii  strictiflora,  275 
Loco  Weed,  174 
Lomatium,  201 

macrocarpum,  201 

triternatum,  202 
Lonicera,  264 

ebractulata,  269 

glaucescens,  268 

mvolucrata,  270 
Lousewort,  White,  260 
Lutkea,  150 

pectinata,  151 

Cut-leaved,  151 
Lychnis, 

apetala,  84 

Nodding,  84 
LYCOPODIACE^E,  18 
Lycopodium, 

alpinum,  21 

annotinum,  19 

clavatum,  19 

complanatum,  20 


340  Index 

Lycopodium — Continued 

Selago,  1 8 

sitchensis,  20 

Lysichiton  kamtschatcense,  36 
Lysiella,  54 

obtusata,  59 

M 

Madder  Family, 
Mahonia,  Trailing,  no 
Mairania,  212 

alpina,  214 
Maple, 

Family,  185 

Smooth,   185 

Marigold,  White  Marsh,  104 
Meadow  Rue, 

Veiny,  96 

Western,  96 
MELANTHACE.E,  36 
Mentha,  245 

canadensis,  247 
MENTHACE.E,  244 
MENYANTHACE.E,  236 
Menyanthes  trifoliata,  236 
Menziesia,  212 

ferruginea,  219 

Smooth,  219 
Micranthes,  130 

Lyallii,  141 

Nelsoniana,  142 

rhomboidea,    140 
Mimulus,  248 

caespitosus,  255 

Lewisii,  254 

moschatus,  255 
Mint, 

American  Wild,  247 

Family,  244 
Mistletoe,  Dwarf, 
Mitella,  129 

nuda,  132 
Mitrewort,  133,  134 


Index  341 


Moehringia,  82 

lateriflora,  87 
Moneses,  207 

uniflora,  210 
Monkey  Flower, 

Red,  254 

Yellow,  255 
Moonwort,  i 

Small,  2 

Mountain-ash,  Western,  166 
Mountain  Lover,  184 
Muscaria,   130 

adscendens,  138 

casspitosa,  139 
Musk  Plant,  255 
Mustard, 

Family,  in 

Hedge,  122 

Tansey,  123 

Treacle,  121 
Myosotis,  241 

alpestris,  243 


N 


Nightshade, 

Smaller  Enchanter's,  197 
Western  Enchanter's,  198 


Oleaster  Family,  191 

ONAGRACE^E,  193 

Onion,  42 

OPHIOGLOSSACE.E,  i 

Ophrys,  54 

borealis,  61 
convallarioides,  60 
nephrophylla,  60 

ORCHIDACE^;,  53 

Orchid, 

Family  53 
Fragrant  Bog,  66 
Long-bracted,  63 


342  Index 


Orchid — Continued 

Purplish-green  Bog,  64 

Round-leaved,  58 

Small  Green  Bog,  65 

Small  Northern  Bog,  59 

Small  White  Bog,  66 
Orchis,  54 

rotundifolia,  58 
Orthocarpus,  248 

luteus,  259 

Yellow,  259 
Oxy coccus,  221 

Oxy coccus,  225 
Oxyria,  76 

digyna,  76 
Oxy  trope, 

Drooping-fruited,  176 

Inflated,  177 

Mountain,  173 

Showy,  175 

Sticky,  175 


Pachystima  myrsinites,  184 
Paint-brush,  White  Indian,  257 
Painted  Cup, 

Bright,  258 

Scarlet,  258 
Painter's  Brush,  256 
PAPAVERACE^E,  no 
PAPILIONACE^E,  168 
Parnassia, 

fimbriata,  126 

Kotzebuei,  128 

montanensis,  127 

parviflora,  127 
PARNASSIACE^,  126 
Parsley, 

Cut-leaved,  202 

Large-seeded,  201 

Narrow-leaved,  202 

Wild,  203 


Index  343 


Parsnip,  Cow,  204 

Pasque  Flower,  94 

Pea  Family,  168 

Pearlwort,  Arctic,  87 

Pectiantia,  129 
Breweri,  134 
pentandra,  133 

Pedicularis,  248 
bracteosa,  261 
racemosa,  260 

Pentstemon,  248 
confertus,  250 
fruticosus,  249 
procerus,  251 
pseudohumilis,  251 

Peramium,  54 
Menziesii,  62 
repens,  63 

Petasites,  285 
frigida,  314 
palmata,  312 
sagittata,  313 

Phaca,   1 68 

americana,  172 

Phacelia,  238 

heterophylla,  239 
sericea,  239 
Mountain,  239 

Phegopteris,  3 
alpestris,  4 
Dryopteris,  5 
Phegopteris,  5 

Phyllodoce,  212 

empetriformis,  217 
glanduliflora,  216 
intermedia,  216 

Physaria,  112 

didymocarpa,  117 

Picea,  24 

albertiana,  31 
Engelmanni,  31 

PINACE^E,  23 

Pine, 

Black,  25 


344  Index 

Pine — Continued 

Family,  23 

Jack,  25 

Prince's,  211 

Running,  19 

White-bark,   24 
Pinguicula  vulgaris,  262 
Pink  Family,  81 
Pinus,  24 

albicaulis,  24 

Murrayana,  25 
Pipsissawa,  211 
Plantain 

Rattlesnake,  62 

Northern  Rattlesnake,  63 
Plum  Family,  167 

POLYGONACEyE,    75 

Polygonum,  76 

viviparum,  78 

POLYPODIACE^E,  3 

Polystichum,    4 

Lonchitis,  10 
POMACES,  165 
Poplar,  Balsam,  68 
Poppy  Family,  no 
Populus 

balsamifera,  68 

tremuloides,  69 

PORTULACACE^E,   80 

Potentilla,  151 

dissecta,  160 

multisecta,  161 

nivea,  160 

uniflora,  161 
Primrose 

Bird's-eye,  226 

Evening,  Family,  193 

Family,  226 

Maccalla's  227 
Primula,  226 

americana,  226 

Maccalliana,  227 
PRIMULACE^E,  226 
Prince's  Pine,  211 


Index  345 


Prunella,  244 

vulgaris,  245 
Prunus  demissa,  167 
Pseudotsuga,  24 

mucronata,  28 
Pteridium,  3 

aquilinum  pubescens,  6 
Puccoon,  Narrow-leaved,  243 
Pulsatilla,  91 

hirsutissima,  94 

occidentalis,  95 
Purslane  Family,  80 
Pyrola,  207 

asarifolia,  208 

chlorantha,  207 

minor,  209 

secunda,  209 

uliginosa,  208 
PYROLACE^E,  207 


Ragwort 

Giant,  311 
Western  Golden,  308 

RANUNCULACE^;,  90 

Ranunculus,  91 

alpeophilus,  100 
eremogenes,  99 
Eschscholtzii,  100 
eximeus,  102 
inamoenus,  101 
montanesis,  103 
pedatifidus,  99 
Purshii,  98 
reptans,  98 
saxicola,   101 
Suksdorfii,  102 

Raspberry 

Arctic,  154 
Creeping,  153 
Dwarf,  155 
Wild  Red,  156 

Rattlesnake  Plantain,  62 
Northern,  63 


346  Index 


Razoumofskya  americana,  73 
Rhododendron,  White  Mountain,  218 
Ribes 

Howellii,  149 

lacustre,  147 

oxyacanthoides,  148 

setosum,  148 
Romanzoffia,  238 

sitchensis,  240 
Roripa,  112 

nasturtium,  124 
Rosa,  150 

Macounii,  165 
ROSACES,  150 
Rose 

Family,  150 

Macoun's,  165 
RUBIACE^E,  263 
Rubus,  150 

americanus,  155 

arcticus,  154 

parviflorus,  156 

pedatus,  153 

strigpsus,  156 
Rudbeckia,  285 

hirta,  301  • 

Rumex,  76 

acetosa,  77 

salicifolius,  77 
Rush,  Common  Scouring,  16 


Sagina,  82 

saginoides,  87 
St.  John's-wort 

Family,  186 

Scouler's,  186 
SALICACE^J;  68 
Salmon-berry,  156 
Sambucus,  264 

melanocarpa,  265 

pubens,  264 
Sandal  wood  Family,  73 


Index  347 


Sandwort 

Alpine,  89 

Blunt-leaved,  87 

Rock,  88 

Vernal,  89 
SANTALACE^E,  73 
Sarsaparilla,  Wild,  199 
Saussurea,  285 

densa,  322 
Saxifraga,  130 

cernua,  138 

rivularis,  137 
SAXIFRAGACE^E,  128 
Saxifrage 

Alpine,  140 

Alpine  Brook,  137 

Common,  145 

Family,  128 

Fleshy,  144 

Golden,  130 

Lyall's  141 

Nelson's  142 

Nodding  Bulbous,  137 

Purple,  146 

Tall,  142 

Tufted,  139 
Scouring  Rush,  Common,  16 

SCROPHULARIACE^E,  248 

Scutellaria,  244 

galericulata,  245 
Sedum  stenopetalum,  125 
Selaginella 

densa,  23 

selaginoides,  22 

Family,  22 

Low,  22 

SELAGINELLACE^E,  22 
Self-heal,  245 
Senecio,  285 

canus,  310 

discoideus,  309 

flavovirens,  309 

lugens,  311 

pseudaureus,  308 


34-8  Index 

Senecio — Continued 
triangularis,  311 
Shooting  Star,  231 

Slender,  230 
Sibbaldia,  151 

procumbens,  157 
Sieversia,  151 

ciliata,  163 
Silene,  82 

acaulis,  82 

Lyallii,  83 
Silver  Berry,  191 
Silverweed,  159 
Sisymbrium,  112 

altissimum,  122 

Sisyrinchium,  septentrionalis,  53 
Skullcap,  Marsh,  245 
Skunk  Cabbage,  Western,  36 
Smelowskia,  112 

calycina,  121 
Snowberry,  267 

Creeping,  224 

Low,  268 
Solidago,  284    .... 

canadensis,  288 

decumbens,  287 

missouriensis,  287 

multiradiata,  286 
Solomon's  Seal, 

False,  47 

Star-flowered,  47  - 
Sonchus,  276 

arvensis,  279 
Sophia,  112 

intermedia,  123 
Sorbus,  165 

sambucifolia,  166 
Sorrel,  Mountain,  76 
Spatularia    130 

brunoniana,  142 
Spearwort,  Creeping,  98 
Speedwell 

Alpine,  253 

Thyme-leaved,  253 


Index  349 


Spiraea,  150 

densiflora,  152 

lucida,  152 

Beech-leaved,  152 

Pink,  152 

Spleen  wort,  Green,  9 
Spring  Beauty,  80 

Small-leaved,  81 
Spruce 

Alberta,  31 

Douglas's,  28 

Engelmann's,  31 
Squaw-root,  Northern,  309 
Stachys,  245 

palustris,  246 
Staff-tree  Family,  184 
Star-flower,  Arctic,  230 
Stenanthella,  37, 

occidentals,  39 
Stenanthium,  39 
Stickseed,  242 
Stitchwort 

Glaucous,  86 

Long-stalked,  85 

Northern,  86 
Stone-crop 

Family,  125 

Narrow- petaled,  125 
Strawberry,  Wild,  158 
Streptopus,  46 

amplexifolius,  48 

curvipes,  49 
Sunflower 

Nuttall's,  302 

Stiff,  301 
Symphoricarpos,  264 

pauciflorus,  268 

racemosus,  267 


Taraxacum,  276 

montanum,  278 
Taraxacum,  278 


35°  Index 

TAXACE.E,  34. 
Taxus  brevifolia,  34 
Tellima,  129 

grandiflora,  132 
Tetragonanthus,  232 

deflexus,  235 
Thalictrum,  91 

megacarpum,  96 

occidentals,  96 
Thistle 

Family,  283 

Milk,  279 

Wavy-leaved,  321 

White,  321 
Thlaspi,  112 

arvense,  117 
Thuja,  24 

plicata,  33 
Tiarella,  129 

unifoliata,  136 
Tofieldia,  37 

intermedia,  40 

occidentals,  41 

palustris,  40 
Trientalis,  226 

arctica,  230 
Trollius,  91 

albiflorus,  105 
Tsuga,  24 

heterophylla,  29 

Mertensiana,  30 
Twayblade 

Broad-lipped,  60 

Heart-shaped,  60 

Northern,  61 
Twin-flower,  266 
Twisted  stalk 

Smaller,  49 

Tall/ 48 

V 

Vaccinjaceae,  220 
Vaccinium,  221 

caespitosum,  221 


Index  351 


Vaccinium — Continued 

erythrococcum,  222 

globulare,  223 

ovalifolium,  222 
Vagnera,  46 

amplexicaulis,  47 

stellata,  48 
Valerian 

Family,  271 

Northern,  271 

Scouler's,  272 
Valeriana 

Scouleri,  272 

septentrionalis,  271 

sitchensis,  272 
VALERIANACE^E,  271 
Veratrum,  37 

viride,  37 
Veronica,  248 

americana,  252 

serphyllifolia,  253 

Wormskjoldii,  253 
Vetch 

Alpine  Milk,   170 

American,  179 

Arctic  Milk,  172 

Ascending  Milk,  169 

Cow,  179 

Indian,  173 

Macoun's  171 

Narrow-leaved  American,  180 

Purple  Milk,  169 

Slender  Milk,  171 
Vetchling, 

Cream-coloured,  181 

Marsh,  181 
Viburnum,  264 

pauciflorium,  266 
Vicia,  169 

americana,  179 

cracca,  179 

linearis,  180 
Viola 

adunca  longipes,  190 


352  Index 


Viola — Continued 
canadensis,  190 
cognata,  187 
glabella,  189 
palustris,  188 
sempervirens,  188 

VlOLACE^E,   187 

Violet 

Canada, 190 

Dog,  190 

Early  Blue    187 

Family,  187 

Low  Yellow,  1 88 

Marsh,  188 

Tall  Yellow,  189 
Virgin's  Bower,  Purple,  91 
Vitis-idaea,  221 

Vitis-idaea,  224 

W 

Water-leaf  Family,  238 
Whitlow-Grass 

Arctic,  114 

Golden,  115 

Hoary,  116 
Willow-Herb 

Alpine,  196 

Broad-leaved,  194 

Great,  194 

Hornemann's,  197 

Nodding,  196 

Yellow,  195 
Willow  Family,  68 
Wind-flower,  93 
Wintergreen 

Bog,  208 

Family,  207 

Greenish-flowered,  207 

Lesser,  209 

Liver-leaf,  208 

Low,  213 

One-flowered,  210 
•  One-sided,  209 

Ovate-leaved,  213 


Index  353 


Woodsia,  4 

oregana,  13 

scopulina,  12 

Oregon,  13 

Rocky  Mountain,  12 
Wormwood 

Green,  316 

Pasture,  316 
Woundwort  Marsh,  246 


Yarrow,  314 

Yew 

Family,  34 
Western,  34 


Zizia,  201 

cordata,  203 

Zygadenus,  37 
elegans,  38 
gramineus,  39 
Grass-like,  39 
Tall,  38 


CD3MED7EME 


